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<span id="thread-low-level-threading-api"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-_thread" title="_thread: Low-level threading API."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_thread</span></code></a> — Low-level threading API<a class="headerlink" href="#module-_thread" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
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<p>This module provides low-level primitives for working with multiple threads
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(also called <em class="dfn">light-weight processes</em> or <em class="dfn">tasks</em>) — multiple threads of
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control sharing their global data space. For synchronization, simple locks
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(also called <em class="dfn">mutexes</em> or <em class="dfn">binary semaphores</em>) are provided.
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The <a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#module-threading" title="threading: Thread-based parallelism."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code></a> module provides an easier to use and higher-level
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threading API built on top of this module.</p>
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<div class="versionchanged" id="index-1">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>This module used to be optional, it is now always available.</p>
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</div>
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<p>This module defines the following constants and functions:</p>
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<dl class="exception">
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<dt id="_thread.error">
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<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">_thread.</code><code class="descname">error</code><a class="headerlink" href="#_thread.error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Raised on thread-specific errors.</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>This is now a synonym of the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a>.</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="_thread.LockType">
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<code class="descclassname">_thread.</code><code class="descname">LockType</code><a class="headerlink" href="#_thread.LockType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>This is the type of lock objects.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="_thread.start_new_thread">
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<code class="descclassname">_thread.</code><code class="descname">start_new_thread</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>function</em>, <em>args</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>kwargs</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_thread.start_new_thread" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Start a new thread and return its identifier. The thread executes the function
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<em>function</em> with the argument list <em>args</em> (which must be a tuple). The optional
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<em>kwargs</em> argument specifies a dictionary of keyword arguments. When the function
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returns, the thread silently exits. When the function terminates with an
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unhandled exception, a stack trace is printed and then the thread exits (but
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other threads continue to run).</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="_thread.interrupt_main">
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<code class="descclassname">_thread.</code><code class="descname">interrupt_main</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_thread.interrupt_main" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Simulate the effect of a <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal.SIGINT</span></code> signal arriving in the main
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thread. A thread can use this function to interrupt the main thread.</p>
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<p>If <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal.SIGINT</span></code> isn’t handled by Python (it was set to
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<a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#signal.SIG_DFL" title="signal.SIG_DFL"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal.SIG_DFL</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#signal.SIG_IGN" title="signal.SIG_IGN"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal.SIG_IGN</span></code></a>), this function does
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nothing.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="_thread.exit">
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<code class="descclassname">_thread.</code><code class="descname">exit</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_thread.exit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Raise the <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a> exception. When not caught, this will cause the
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thread to exit silently.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="_thread.allocate_lock">
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<code class="descclassname">_thread.</code><code class="descname">allocate_lock</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_thread.allocate_lock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Return a new lock object. Methods of locks are described below. The lock is
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initially unlocked.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="_thread.get_ident">
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<code class="descclassname">_thread.</code><code class="descname">get_ident</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_thread.get_ident" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Return the ‘thread identifier’ of the current thread. This is a nonzero
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integer. Its value has no direct meaning; it is intended as a magic cookie to
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be used e.g. to index a dictionary of thread-specific data. Thread identifiers
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may be recycled when a thread exits and another thread is created.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="_thread.stack_size">
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<code class="descclassname">_thread.</code><code class="descname">stack_size</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>size</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_thread.stack_size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Return the thread stack size used when creating new threads. The optional
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<em>size</em> argument specifies the stack size to be used for subsequently created
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threads, and must be 0 (use platform or configured default) or a positive
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integer value of at least 32,768 (32 KiB). If <em>size</em> is not specified,
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0 is used. If changing the thread stack size is
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unsupported, a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a> is raised. If the specified stack size is
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invalid, a <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised and the stack size is unmodified. 32 KiB
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is currently the minimum supported stack size value to guarantee sufficient
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stack space for the interpreter itself. Note that some platforms may have
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particular restrictions on values for the stack size, such as requiring a
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minimum stack size > 32 KiB or requiring allocation in multiples of the system
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memory page size - platform documentation should be referred to for more
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information (4 KiB pages are common; using multiples of 4096 for the stack size is
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the suggested approach in the absence of more specific information).</p>
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<p class="availability"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Windows, systems with POSIX threads.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="_thread.TIMEOUT_MAX">
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<code class="descclassname">_thread.</code><code class="descname">TIMEOUT_MAX</code><a class="headerlink" href="#_thread.TIMEOUT_MAX" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>The maximum value allowed for the <em>timeout</em> parameter of
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<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Lock.acquire()</span></code>. Specifying a timeout greater than this value will
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raise an <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OverflowError" title="OverflowError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></code></a>.</p>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<p>Lock objects have the following methods:</p>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="_thread.lock.acquire">
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<code class="descclassname">lock.</code><code class="descname">acquire</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>waitflag=1</em>, <em>timeout=-1</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_thread.lock.acquire" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Without any optional argument, this method acquires the lock unconditionally, if
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necessary waiting until it is released by another thread (only one thread at a
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time can acquire a lock — that’s their reason for existence).</p>
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<p>If the integer <em>waitflag</em> argument is present, the action depends on its
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value: if it is zero, the lock is only acquired if it can be acquired
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immediately without waiting, while if it is nonzero, the lock is acquired
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unconditionally as above.</p>
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<p>If the floating-point <em>timeout</em> argument is present and positive, it
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specifies the maximum wait time in seconds before returning. A negative
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<em>timeout</em> argument specifies an unbounded wait. You cannot specify
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a <em>timeout</em> if <em>waitflag</em> is zero.</p>
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<p>The return value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the lock is acquired successfully,
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if not.</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>The <em>timeout</em> parameter is new.</p>
|
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</div>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Lock acquires can now be interrupted by signals on POSIX.</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="_thread.lock.release">
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<code class="descclassname">lock.</code><code class="descname">release</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_thread.lock.release" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Releases the lock. The lock must have been acquired earlier, but not
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necessarily by the same thread.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="_thread.lock.locked">
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<code class="descclassname">lock.</code><code class="descname">locked</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#_thread.lock.locked" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Return the status of the lock: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if it has been acquired by some thread,
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if not.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<p>In addition to these methods, lock objects can also be used via the
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<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> statement, e.g.:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">_thread</span>
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<span class="n">a_lock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_thread</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">allocate_lock</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">a_lock</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"a_lock is locked while this executes"</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p><strong>Caveats:</strong></p>
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<blockquote>
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<li><p>Threads interact strangely with interrupts: the <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyboardInterrupt" title="KeyboardInterrupt"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></code></a>
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exception will be received by an arbitrary thread. (When the <a class="reference internal" href="signal.html#module-signal" title="signal: Set handlers for asynchronous events."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal</span></code></a>
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module is available, interrupts always go to the main thread.)</p></li>
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<li><p>Calling <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exit" title="sys.exit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exit()</span></code></a> or raising the <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a> exception is
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equivalent to calling <a class="reference internal" href="#_thread.exit" title="_thread.exit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_thread.exit()</span></code></a>.</p></li>
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<li><p>It is not possible to interrupt the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">acquire()</span></code> method on a lock — the
|
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<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyboardInterrupt" title="KeyboardInterrupt"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></code></a> exception will happen after the lock has been acquired.</p></li>
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<li><p>When the main thread exits, it is system defined whether the other threads
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survive. On most systems, they are killed without executing
|
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<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try</span></code></a> … <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finally</span></code></a> clauses or executing object
|
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destructors.</p></li>
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<li><p>When the main thread exits, it does not do any of its usual cleanup (except
|
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that <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try</span></code></a> … <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finally</span></code></a> clauses are honored), and the
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standard I/O files are not flushed.</p></li>
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