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<div class="section" id="module-getopt">
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<span id="getopt-c-style-parser-for-command-line-options"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-getopt" title="getopt: Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code></a> — C-style parser for command line options<a class="headerlink" href="#module-getopt" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/getopt.py">Lib/getopt.py</a></p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-getopt" title="getopt: Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code></a> module is a parser for command line options whose API is
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designed to be familiar to users of the C <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt()</span></code> function. Users who
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are unfamiliar with the C <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt()</span></code> function or who would like to write
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less code and get better help and error messages should consider using the
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<a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#module-argparse" title="argparse: Command-line option and argument parsing library."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code></a> module instead.</p>
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</div>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>This module helps scripts to parse the command line arguments in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code>.
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It supports the same conventions as the Unix <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt()</span></code> function (including
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the special meanings of arguments of the form ‘<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code>‘ and ‘<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--</span></code>‘). Long
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options similar to those supported by GNU software may be used as well via an
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optional third argument.</p>
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<p>This module provides two functions and an
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exception:</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="getopt.getopt">
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<code class="descclassname">getopt.</code><code class="descname">getopt</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>args</em>, <em>shortopts</em>, <em>longopts=[]</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#getopt.getopt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Parses command line options and parameter list. <em>args</em> is the argument list to
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be parsed, without the leading reference to the running program. Typically, this
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means <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[1:]</span></code>. <em>shortopts</em> is the string of option letters that the
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script wants to recognize, with options that require an argument followed by a
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colon (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">':'</span></code>; i.e., the same format that Unix <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt()</span></code> uses).</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p>Unlike GNU <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt()</span></code>, after a non-option argument, all further
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arguments are considered also non-options. This is similar to the way
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non-GNU Unix systems work.</p>
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</div>
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<p><em>longopts</em>, if specified, must be a list of strings with the names of the
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long options which should be supported. The leading <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'--'</span></code> characters
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should not be included in the option name. Long options which require an
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argument should be followed by an equal sign (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'='</span></code>). Optional arguments
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are not supported. To accept only long options, <em>shortopts</em> should be an
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empty string. Long options on the command line can be recognized so long as
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they provide a prefix of the option name that matches exactly one of the
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accepted options. For example, if <em>longopts</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">['foo',</span> <span class="pre">'frob']</span></code>, the
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option <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--fo</span></code> will match as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--foo</span></code>, but <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--f</span></code> will
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not match uniquely, so <a class="reference internal" href="#getopt.GetoptError" title="getopt.GetoptError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GetoptError</span></code></a> will be raised.</p>
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<p>The return value consists of two elements: the first is a list of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(option,</span>
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<span class="pre">value)</span></code> pairs; the second is the list of program arguments left after the
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option list was stripped (this is a trailing slice of <em>args</em>). Each
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option-and-value pair returned has the option as its first element, prefixed
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with a hyphen for short options (e.g., <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-x'</span></code>) or two hyphens for long
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options (e.g., <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'--long-option'</span></code>), and the option argument as its
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second element, or an empty string if the option has no argument. The
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options occur in the list in the same order in which they were found, thus
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allowing multiple occurrences. Long and short options may be mixed.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="getopt.gnu_getopt">
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<code class="descclassname">getopt.</code><code class="descname">gnu_getopt</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>args</em>, <em>shortopts</em>, <em>longopts=[]</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#getopt.gnu_getopt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>This function works like <a class="reference internal" href="#module-getopt" title="getopt: Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt()</span></code></a>, except that GNU style scanning mode is
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used by default. This means that option and non-option arguments may be
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intermixed. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-getopt" title="getopt: Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt()</span></code></a> function stops processing options as soon as a
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non-option argument is encountered.</p>
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<p>If the first character of the option string is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'+'</span></code>, or if the environment
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variable <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POSIXLY_CORRECT</span></code> is set, then option processing stops as
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soon as a non-option argument is encountered.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="exception">
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<dt id="getopt.GetoptError">
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<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">getopt.</code><code class="descname">GetoptError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#getopt.GetoptError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>This is raised when an unrecognized option is found in the argument list or when
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an option requiring an argument is given none. The argument to the exception is
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a string indicating the cause of the error. For long options, an argument given
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to an option which does not require one will also cause this exception to be
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raised. The attributes <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msg</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">opt</span></code> give the error message and
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related option; if there is no specific option to which the exception relates,
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<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">opt</span></code> is an empty string.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="exception">
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<dt id="getopt.error">
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<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">getopt.</code><code class="descname">error</code><a class="headerlink" href="#getopt.error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#getopt.GetoptError" title="getopt.GetoptError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GetoptError</span></code></a>; for backward compatibility.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<p>An example using only Unix style options:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">getopt</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'-a -b -cfoo -d bar a1 a2'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">args</span>
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<span class="go">['-a', '-b', '-cfoo', '-d', 'bar', 'a1', 'a2']</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">optlist</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getopt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getopt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'abc:d:'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">optlist</span>
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<span class="go">[('-a', ''), ('-b', ''), ('-c', 'foo'), ('-d', 'bar')]</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">args</span>
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<span class="go">['a1', 'a2']</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>Using long option names is equally easy:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'--condition=foo --testing --output-file abc.def -x a1 a2'</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">args</span>
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<span class="go">['--condition=foo', '--testing', '--output-file', 'abc.def', '-x', 'a1', 'a2']</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">optlist</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getopt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getopt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'x'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span>
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<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="s1">'condition='</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'output-file='</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'testing'</span><span class="p">])</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">optlist</span>
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<span class="go">[('--condition', 'foo'), ('--testing', ''), ('--output-file', 'abc.def'), ('-x', '')]</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">args</span>
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<span class="go">['a1', 'a2']</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>In a script, typical usage is something like this:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">getopt</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
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<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getopt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getopt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:],</span> <span class="s2">"ho:v"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"help"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"output="</span><span class="p">])</span>
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<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">getopt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">GetoptError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">err</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="c1"># print help information and exit:</span>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">err</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># will print something like "option -a not recognized"</span>
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<span class="n">usage</span><span class="p">()</span>
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<span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">output</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">verbose</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">o</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"-v"</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">verbose</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"-h"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"--help"</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">usage</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">o</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"-o"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"--output"</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">output</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"unhandled option"</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"__main__"</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Note that an equivalent command line interface could be produced with less code
|
|||
|
|
and more informative help and error messages by using the <a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#module-argparse" title="argparse: Command-line option and argument parsing library."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code></a> module:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">argparse</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">argparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArgumentParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'-o'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'--output'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_argument</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'-v'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'verbose'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'store_true'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># ... do something with args.output ...</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1"># ... do something with args.verbose ..</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
|||
|
|
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="simple">
|
|||
|
|
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#module-argparse" title="argparse: Command-line option and argument parsing library."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Alternative command line option and argument parsing library.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd>
|
|||
|
|
</dl>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
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|
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|
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|
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title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a></p>
|
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<h4>Next topic</h4>
|
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|||
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|
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<br />
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Last updated on Jul 13, 2019.
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Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 2.0.1.
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