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<div class="section" id="module-crypt">
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<span id="crypt-function-to-check-unix-passwords"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-crypt" title="crypt: The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt</span></code></a> — Function to check Unix passwords<a class="headerlink" href="#module-crypt" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/crypt.py">Lib/crypt.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
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<p>This module implements an interface to the <em class="manpage">crypt(3)</em> routine, which is
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a one-way hash function based upon a modified DES algorithm; see the Unix man
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page for further details. Possible uses include storing hashed passwords
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so you can check passwords without storing the actual password, or attempting
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to crack Unix passwords with a dictionary.</p>
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<p id="index-1">Notice that the behavior of this module depends on the actual implementation of
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the <em class="manpage">crypt(3)</em> routine in the running system. Therefore, any
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extensions available on the current implementation will also be available on
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this module.</p>
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<div class="section" id="hashing-methods">
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<h2>Hashing Methods<a class="headerlink" href="#hashing-methods" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
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</div>
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<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-crypt" title="crypt: The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt</span></code></a> module defines the list of hashing methods (not all methods
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are available on all platforms):</p>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="crypt.METHOD_SHA512">
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<code class="descclassname">crypt.</code><code class="descname">METHOD_SHA512</code><a class="headerlink" href="#crypt.METHOD_SHA512" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>A Modular Crypt Format method with 16 character salt and 86 character
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hash based on the SHA-512 hash function. This is the strongest method.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="crypt.METHOD_SHA256">
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<code class="descclassname">crypt.</code><code class="descname">METHOD_SHA256</code><a class="headerlink" href="#crypt.METHOD_SHA256" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Another Modular Crypt Format method with 16 character salt and 43
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character hash based on the SHA-256 hash function.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="crypt.METHOD_BLOWFISH">
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<code class="descclassname">crypt.</code><code class="descname">METHOD_BLOWFISH</code><a class="headerlink" href="#crypt.METHOD_BLOWFISH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Another Modular Crypt Format method with 22 character salt and 31
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character hash based on the Blowfish cipher.</p>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.7.</span></p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="crypt.METHOD_MD5">
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<code class="descclassname">crypt.</code><code class="descname">METHOD_MD5</code><a class="headerlink" href="#crypt.METHOD_MD5" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Another Modular Crypt Format method with 8 character salt and 22
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character hash based on the MD5 hash function.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="crypt.METHOD_CRYPT">
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<code class="descclassname">crypt.</code><code class="descname">METHOD_CRYPT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#crypt.METHOD_CRYPT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>The traditional method with a 2 character salt and 13 characters of
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hash. This is the weakest method.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="module-attributes">
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<h2>Module Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#module-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
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</div>
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<dl class="attribute">
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<dt id="crypt.methods">
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<code class="descclassname">crypt.</code><code class="descname">methods</code><a class="headerlink" href="#crypt.methods" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>A list of available password hashing algorithms, as
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt.METHOD_*</span></code> objects. This list is sorted from strongest to
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weakest.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="module-functions">
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<h2>Module Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-crypt" title="crypt: The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt</span></code></a> module defines the following functions:</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="crypt.crypt">
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<code class="descclassname">crypt.</code><code class="descname">crypt</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>word</em>, <em>salt=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#crypt.crypt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p><em>word</em> will usually be a user’s password as typed at a prompt or in a graphical
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interface. The optional <em>salt</em> is either a string as returned from
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<a class="reference internal" href="#crypt.mksalt" title="crypt.mksalt"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mksalt()</span></code></a>, one of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt.METHOD_*</span></code> values (though not all
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may be available on all platforms), or a full encrypted password
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including salt, as returned by this function. If <em>salt</em> is not
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provided, the strongest method will be used (as returned by
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<a class="reference internal" href="#crypt.methods" title="crypt.methods"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">methods()</span></code></a>).</p>
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<p>Checking a password is usually done by passing the plain-text password
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as <em>word</em> and the full results of a previous <a class="reference internal" href="#module-crypt" title="crypt: The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt()</span></code></a> call,
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which should be the same as the results of this call.</p>
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<p><em>salt</em> (either a random 2 or 16 character string, possibly prefixed with
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$digit$</span></code> to indicate the method) which will be used to perturb the
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encryption algorithm. The characters in <em>salt</em> must be in the set
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[./a-zA-Z0-9]</span></code>, with the exception of Modular Crypt Format which
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prefixes a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$digit$</span></code>.</p>
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<p>Returns the hashed password as a string, which will be composed of
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characters from the same alphabet as the salt.</p>
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<p id="index-2">Since a few <em class="manpage">crypt(3)</em> extensions allow different values, with
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different sizes in the <em>salt</em>, it is recommended to use the full crypted
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password as salt when checking for a password.</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Accept <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt.METHOD_*</span></code> values in addition to strings for <em>salt</em>.</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="crypt.mksalt">
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<code class="descclassname">crypt.</code><code class="descname">mksalt</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>method=None</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>rounds=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#crypt.mksalt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Return a randomly generated salt of the specified method. If no
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<em>method</em> is given, the strongest method available as returned by
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<a class="reference internal" href="#crypt.methods" title="crypt.methods"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">methods()</span></code></a> is used.</p>
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<p>The return value is a string suitable for passing as the <em>salt</em> argument
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to <a class="reference internal" href="#module-crypt" title="crypt: The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt()</span></code></a>.</p>
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<p><em>rounds</em> specifies the number of rounds for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">METHOD_SHA256</span></code>,
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">METHOD_SHA512</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">METHOD_BLOWFISH</span></code>.
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For <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">METHOD_SHA256</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">METHOD_SHA512</span></code> it must be an integer between
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1000</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">999_999_999</span></code>, the default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">5000</span></code>. For
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">METHOD_BLOWFISH</span></code> it must be a power of two between <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">16</span></code> (2<sup>4</sup>)
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and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2_147_483_648</span></code> (2<sup>31</sup>), the default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">4096</span></code>
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(2<sup>12</sup>).</p>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
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</div>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>Added the <em>rounds</em> parameter.</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="examples">
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<h2>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>A simple example illustrating typical use (a constant-time comparison
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operation is needed to limit exposure to timing attacks.
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<a class="reference internal" href="hmac.html#hmac.compare_digest" title="hmac.compare_digest"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hmac.compare_digest()</span></code></a> is suitable for this purpose):</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pwd</span>
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<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">crypt</span>
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<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">getpass</span>
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<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">hmac</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">compare_digest</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">compare_hash</span>
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<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">login</span><span class="p">():</span>
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<span class="n">username</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Python login: '</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="n">cryptedpasswd</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pwd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getpwnam</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">cryptedpasswd</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">cryptedpasswd</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'x'</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">cryptedpasswd</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">'*'</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'no support for shadow passwords'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="n">cleartext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getpass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getpass</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">compare_hash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">crypt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cleartext</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">cryptedpasswd</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">cryptedpasswd</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>To generate a hash of a password using the strongest available method and
|
|||
|
|
check it against the original:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">crypt</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">hmac</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">compare_digest</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">compare_hash</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">hashed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">crypt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">plaintext</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">compare_hash</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hashed</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">crypt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">plaintext</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">hashed</span><span class="p">)):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"hashed version doesn't validate against original"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
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</div>
|
|||
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</div>
|
|||
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt</span></code> — Function to check Unix passwords</a><ul>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#hashing-methods">Hashing Methods</a></li>
|
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Last updated on Jul 13, 2019.
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