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<div class="section" id="module-zipapp">
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<span id="zipapp-manage-executable-python-zip-archives"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-zipapp" title="zipapp: Manage executable Python zip archives"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipapp</span></code></a> — Manage executable Python zip archives<a class="headerlink" href="#module-zipapp" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
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</div>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/zipapp.py">Lib/zipapp.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
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<p>This module provides tools to manage the creation of zip files containing
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Python code, which can be <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#using-on-interface-options"><span class="std std-ref">executed directly by the Python interpreter</span></a>. The module provides both a
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<a class="reference internal" href="#zipapp-command-line-interface"><span class="std std-ref">Command-Line Interface</span></a> and a <a class="reference internal" href="#zipapp-python-api"><span class="std std-ref">Python API</span></a>.</p>
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<div class="section" id="basic-example">
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<h2>Basic Example<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The following example shows how the <a class="reference internal" href="#zipapp-command-line-interface"><span class="std std-ref">Command-Line Interface</span></a>
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can be used to create an executable archive from a directory containing
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Python code. When run, the archive will execute the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">main</span></code> function from
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the module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myapp</span></code> in the archive.</p>
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<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> python -m zipapp myapp -m <span class="s2">"myapp:main"</span>
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<span class="gp">$</span> python myapp.pyz
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<span class="go"><output from myapp></span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="command-line-interface">
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<span id="zipapp-command-line-interface"></span><h2>Command-Line Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>When called as a program from the command line, the following form is used:</p>
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<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> python -m zipapp <span class="nb">source</span> <span class="o">[</span>options<span class="o">]</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>If <em>source</em> is a directory, this will create an archive from the contents of
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<em>source</em>. If <em>source</em> is a file, it should be an archive, and it will be
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copied to the target archive (or the contents of its shebang line will be
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displayed if the –info option is specified).</p>
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<p>The following options are understood:</p>
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<dl class="cmdoption">
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<dt id="cmdoption-zipapp-o">
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<code class="descname">-o</code><code class="descclassname"> <output></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--output</code><code class="descclassname">=<output></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-zipapp-o" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Write the output to a file named <em>output</em>. If this option is not specified,
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the output filename will be the same as the input <em>source</em>, with the
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extension <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyz</span></code> added. If an explicit filename is given, it is used as
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is (so a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyz</span></code> extension should be included if required).</p>
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<p>An output filename must be specified if the <em>source</em> is an archive (and in
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that case, <em>output</em> must not be the same as <em>source</em>).</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="cmdoption">
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<dt id="cmdoption-zipapp-p">
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<code class="descname">-p</code><code class="descclassname"> <interpreter></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--python</code><code class="descclassname">=<interpreter></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-zipapp-p" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Add a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#!</span></code> line to the archive specifying <em>interpreter</em> as the command
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to run. Also, on POSIX, make the archive executable. The default is to
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write no <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#!</span></code> line, and not make the file executable.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="cmdoption">
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<dt id="cmdoption-zipapp-m">
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<code class="descname">-m</code><code class="descclassname"> <mainfn></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--main</code><code class="descclassname">=<mainfn></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-zipapp-m" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Write a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> file to the archive that executes <em>mainfn</em>. The
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<em>mainfn</em> argument should have the form “pkg.mod:fn”, where “pkg.mod” is a
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package/module in the archive, and “fn” is a callable in the given module.
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The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> file will execute that callable.</p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-zipapp-m"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--main</span></code></a> cannot be specified when copying an archive.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="cmdoption">
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<dt id="cmdoption-zipapp-c">
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<code class="descname">-c</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--compress</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-zipapp-c" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Compress files with the deflate method, reducing the size of the output
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file. By default, files are stored uncompressed in the archive.</p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#cmdoption-zipapp-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--compress</span></code></a> has no effect when copying an archive.</p>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.7.</span></p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="cmdoption">
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<dt id="cmdoption-zipapp-info">
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<code class="descname">--info</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-zipapp-info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Display the interpreter embedded in the archive, for diagnostic purposes. In
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this case, any other options are ignored and SOURCE must be an archive, not a
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directory.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="cmdoption">
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<dt id="cmdoption-zipapp-h">
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<code class="descname">-h</code><code class="descclassname"></code><code class="descclassname">, </code><code class="descname">--help</code><code class="descclassname"></code><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-zipapp-h" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Print a short usage message and exit.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="python-api">
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<span id="zipapp-python-api"></span><h2>Python API<a class="headerlink" href="#python-api" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The module defines two convenience functions:</p>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="zipapp.create_archive">
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<code class="descclassname">zipapp.</code><code class="descname">create_archive</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>source</em>, <em>target=None</em>, <em>interpreter=None</em>, <em>main=None</em>, <em>filter=None</em>, <em>compressed=False</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zipapp.create_archive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Create an application archive from <em>source</em>. The source can be any
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of the following:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>The name of a directory, or a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a> referring
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to a directory, in which case a new application archive will be
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created from the content of that directory.</p></li>
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<li><p>The name of an existing application archive file, or a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>
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referring to such a file, in which case the file is copied to
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the target (modifying it to reflect the value given for the <em>interpreter</em>
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argument). The file name should include the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyz</span></code> extension, if required.</p></li>
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<li><p>A file object open for reading in bytes mode. The content of the
|
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file should be an application archive, and the file object is
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assumed to be positioned at the start of the archive.</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>The <em>target</em> argument determines where the resulting archive will be
|
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written:</p>
|
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>If it is the name of a file, or a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>,
|
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the archive will be written to that file.</p></li>
|
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<li><p>If it is an open file object, the archive will be written to that
|
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file object, which must be open for writing in bytes mode.</p></li>
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<li><p>If the target is omitted (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>), the source must be a directory
|
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and the target will be a file with the same name as the source, with
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a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyz</span></code> extension added.</p></li>
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|
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</ul>
|
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<p>The <em>interpreter</em> argument specifies the name of the Python
|
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interpreter with which the archive will be executed. It is written as
|
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|
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a “shebang” line at the start of the archive. On POSIX, this will be
|
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|
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interpreted by the OS, and on Windows it will be handled by the Python
|
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launcher. Omitting the <em>interpreter</em> results in no shebang line being
|
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written. If an interpreter is specified, and the target is a
|
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|
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filename, the executable bit of the target file will be set.</p>
|
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<p>The <em>main</em> argument specifies the name of a callable which will be
|
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used as the main program for the archive. It can only be specified if
|
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the source is a directory, and the source does not already contain a
|
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> file. The <em>main</em> argument should take the form
|
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|
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“pkg.module:callable” and the archive will be run by importing
|
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“pkg.module” and executing the given callable with no arguments. It
|
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is an error to omit <em>main</em> if the source is a directory and does not
|
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contain a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> file, as otherwise the resulting archive
|
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|
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would not be executable.</p>
|
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<p>The optional <em>filter</em> argument specifies a callback function that
|
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is passed a Path object representing the path to the file being added
|
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(relative to the source directory). It should return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the
|
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file is to be added.</p>
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<p>The optional <em>compressed</em> argument determines whether files are
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compressed. If set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, files in the archive are compressed
|
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|
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with the deflate method; otherwise, files are stored uncompressed.
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This argument has no effect when copying an existing archive.</p>
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<p>If a file object is specified for <em>source</em> or <em>target</em>, it is the
|
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|
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caller’s responsibility to close it after calling create_archive.</p>
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|
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<p>When copying an existing archive, file objects supplied only need
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">read</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write</span></code> methods. When creating an
|
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archive from a directory, if the target is a file object it will be
|
|||
|
|
passed to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipfile.ZipFile</span></code> class, and must supply the methods
|
|||
|
|
needed by that class.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.7: </span>Added the <em>filter</em> and <em>compressed</em> arguments.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="function">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="zipapp.get_interpreter">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">zipapp.</code><code class="descname">get_interpreter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>archive</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#zipapp.get_interpreter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Return the interpreter specified in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#!</span></code> line at the start of the
|
|||
|
|
archive. If there is no <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#!</span></code> line, return <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></a>.
|
|||
|
|
The <em>archive</em> argument can be a filename or a file-like object open
|
|||
|
|
for reading in bytes mode. It is assumed to be at the start of the archive.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="examples">
|
|||
|
|
<span id="zipapp-examples"></span><h2>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Pack up a directory into an archive, and run it.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> python -m zipapp myapp
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">$</span> python myapp.pyz
|
|||
|
|
<span class="go"><output from myapp></span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The same can be done using the <a class="reference internal" href="#zipapp.create_archive" title="zipapp.create_archive"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_archive()</span></code></a> function:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">zipapp</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">zipapp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_archive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'myapp.pyz'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'myapp'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>To make the application directly executable on POSIX, specify an interpreter
|
|||
|
|
to use.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> python -m zipapp myapp -p <span class="s2">"/usr/bin/env python"</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">$</span> ./myapp.pyz
|
|||
|
|
<span class="go"><output from myapp></span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>To replace the shebang line on an existing archive, create a modified archive
|
|||
|
|
using the <a class="reference internal" href="#zipapp.create_archive" title="zipapp.create_archive"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_archive()</span></code></a> function:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">zipapp</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">zipapp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_archive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'old_archive.pyz'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'new_archive.pyz'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'/usr/bin/python3'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>To update the file in place, do the replacement in memory using a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BytesIO</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
object, and then overwrite the source afterwards. Note that there is a risk
|
|||
|
|
when overwriting a file in place that an error will result in the loss of
|
|||
|
|
the original file. This code does not protect against such errors, but
|
|||
|
|
production code should do so. Also, this method will only work if the archive
|
|||
|
|
fits in memory:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">zipapp</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">io</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">temp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">io</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BytesIO</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">zipapp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create_archive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'myapp.pyz'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">temp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'/usr/bin/python2'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'myapp.pyz'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'wb'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">temp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getvalue</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="specifying-the-interpreter">
|
|||
|
|
<span id="zipapp-specifying-the-interpreter"></span><h2>Specifying the Interpreter<a class="headerlink" href="#specifying-the-interpreter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Note that if you specify an interpreter and then distribute your application
|
|||
|
|
archive, you need to ensure that the interpreter used is portable. The Python
|
|||
|
|
launcher for Windows supports most common forms of POSIX <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#!</span></code> line, but there
|
|||
|
|
are other issues to consider:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="simple">
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>If you use “/usr/bin/env python” (or other forms of the “python” command,
|
|||
|
|
such as “/usr/bin/python”), you need to consider that your users may have
|
|||
|
|
either Python 2 or Python 3 as their default, and write your code to work
|
|||
|
|
under both versions.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>If you use an explicit version, for example “/usr/bin/env python3” your
|
|||
|
|
application will not work for users who do not have that version. (This
|
|||
|
|
may be what you want if you have not made your code Python 2 compatible).</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>There is no way to say “python X.Y or later”, so be careful of using an
|
|||
|
|
exact version like “/usr/bin/env python3.4” as you will need to change your
|
|||
|
|
shebang line for users of Python 3.5, for example.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Typically, you should use an “/usr/bin/env python2” or “/usr/bin/env python3”,
|
|||
|
|
depending on whether your code is written for Python 2 or 3.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="creating-standalone-applications-with-zipapp">
|
|||
|
|
<h2>Creating Standalone Applications with zipapp<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-standalone-applications-with-zipapp" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Using the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-zipapp" title="zipapp: Manage executable Python zip archives"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipapp</span></code></a> module, it is possible to create self-contained Python
|
|||
|
|
programs, which can be distributed to end users who only need to have a
|
|||
|
|
suitable version of Python installed on their system. The key to doing this
|
|||
|
|
is to bundle all of the application’s dependencies into the archive, along
|
|||
|
|
with the application code.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The steps to create a standalone archive are as follows:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ol class="arabic">
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>Create your application in a directory as normal, so you have a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myapp</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
directory containing a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> file, and any supporting application
|
|||
|
|
code.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>Install all of your application’s dependencies into the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myapp</span></code> directory,
|
|||
|
|
using pip:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> python -m pip install -r requirements.txt --target myapp
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>(this assumes you have your project requirements in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requirements.txt</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
file - if not, you can just list the dependencies manually on the pip command
|
|||
|
|
line).</p>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>Optionally, delete the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.dist-info</span></code> directories created by pip in the
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myapp</span></code> directory. These hold metadata for pip to manage the packages, and
|
|||
|
|
as you won’t be making any further use of pip they aren’t required -
|
|||
|
|
although it won’t do any harm if you leave them.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>Package the application using:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> python -m zipapp -p <span class="s2">"interpreter"</span> myapp
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
|
<p>This will produce a standalone executable, which can be run on any machine with
|
|||
|
|
the appropriate interpreter available. See <a class="reference internal" href="#zipapp-specifying-the-interpreter"><span class="std std-ref">Specifying the Interpreter</span></a>
|
|||
|
|
for details. It can be shipped to users as a single file.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>On Unix, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myapp.pyz</span></code> file is executable as it stands. You can rename the
|
|||
|
|
file to remove the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyz</span></code> extension if you prefer a “plain” command name. On
|
|||
|
|
Windows, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myapp.pyz[w]</span></code> file is executable by virtue of the fact that
|
|||
|
|
the Python interpreter registers the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyz</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyzw</span></code> file extensions
|
|||
|
|
when installed.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="making-a-windows-executable">
|
|||
|
|
<h3>Making a Windows executable<a class="headerlink" href="#making-a-windows-executable" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>On Windows, registration of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyz</span></code> extension is optional, and
|
|||
|
|
furthermore, there are certain places that don’t recognise registered
|
|||
|
|
extensions “transparently” (the simplest example is that
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess.run(['myapp'])</span></code> won’t find your application - you need to
|
|||
|
|
explicitly specify the extension).</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>On Windows, therefore, it is often preferable to create an executable from the
|
|||
|
|
zipapp. This is relatively easy, although it does require a C compiler. The
|
|||
|
|
basic approach relies on the fact that zipfiles can have arbitrary data
|
|||
|
|
prepended, and Windows exe files can have arbitrary data appended. So by
|
|||
|
|
creating a suitable launcher and tacking the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyz</span></code> file onto the end of it,
|
|||
|
|
you end up with a single-file executable that runs your application.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>A suitable launcher can be as simple as the following:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">#define Py_LIMITED_API 1</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1">#include "Python.h"</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1">#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1">#include <windows.h></span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1">#ifdef WINDOWS</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nb">int</span> <span class="n">WINAPI</span> <span class="n">wWinMain</span><span class="p">(</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">HINSTANCE</span> <span class="n">hInstance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">/*</span> <span class="n">handle</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">current</span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">*/</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">HINSTANCE</span> <span class="n">hPrevInstance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">/*</span> <span class="n">handle</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">previous</span> <span class="n">instance</span> <span class="o">*/</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">LPWSTR</span> <span class="n">lpCmdLine</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">/*</span> <span class="n">pointer</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">command</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="o">*/</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nb">int</span> <span class="n">nCmdShow</span> <span class="o">/*</span> <span class="n">show</span> <span class="n">state</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">window</span> <span class="o">*/</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1">#else</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="nb">int</span> <span class="n">wmain</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="c1">#endif</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="p">{</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">wchar_t</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">myargv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_alloca</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">__argc</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wchar_t</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">));</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">myargv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">__wargv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">];</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="n">memcpy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myargv</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__wargv</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__argc</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">wchar_t</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">));</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Py_Main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">__argc</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">myargv</span><span class="p">);</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="p">}</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>If you define the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WINDOWS</span></code> preprocessor symbol, this will generate a
|
|||
|
|
GUI executable, and without it, a console executable.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>To compile the executable, you can either just use the standard MSVC
|
|||
|
|
command line tools, or you can take advantage of the fact that distutils
|
|||
|
|
knows how to compile Python source:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">distutils.ccompiler</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">new_compiler</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">distutils.sysconfig</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pathlib</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">Path</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="n">src</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="n">cc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">new_compiler</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="n">exe</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">src</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stem</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="n">cc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_include_dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">distutils</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sysconfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_python_inc</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="n">cc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_library_dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">base_exec_prefix</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'libs'</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="c1"># First the CLI executable</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="n">objs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">)])</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="n">cc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">link_executable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">objs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exe</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="c1"># Now the GUI executable</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="n">cc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">define_macro</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'WINDOWS'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="n">objs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">compile</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="p">)])</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="n">cc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">link_executable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">objs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exe</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">'w'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"__main__"</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="nb">compile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"zastub.c"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|||
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The resulting launcher uses the “Limited ABI”, so it will run unchanged with
|
|||
|
|
any version of Python 3.x. All it needs is for Python (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3.dll</span></code>) to be
|
|||
|
|
on the user’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PATH</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>For a fully standalone distribution, you can distribute the launcher with your
|
|||
|
|
application appended, bundled with the Python “embedded” distribution. This
|
|||
|
|
will run on any PC with the appropriate architecture (32 bit or 64 bit).</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="caveats">
|
|||
|
|
<h3>Caveats<a class="headerlink" href="#caveats" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>There are some limitations to the process of bundling your application into
|
|||
|
|
a single file. In most, if not all, cases they can be addressed without
|
|||
|
|
needing major changes to your application.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ol class="arabic simple">
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>If your application depends on a package that includes a C extension, that
|
|||
|
|
package cannot be run from a zip file (this is an OS limitation, as executable
|
|||
|
|
code must be present in the filesystem for the OS loader to load it). In this
|
|||
|
|
case, you can exclude that dependency from the zipfile, and either require
|
|||
|
|
your users to have it installed, or ship it alongside your zipfile and add code
|
|||
|
|
to your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> to include the directory containing the unzipped
|
|||
|
|
module in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code>. In this case, you will need to make sure to ship
|
|||
|
|
appropriate binaries for your target architecture(s) (and potentially pick the
|
|||
|
|
correct version to add to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code> at runtime, based on the user’s machine).</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>If you are shipping a Windows executable as described above, you either need to
|
|||
|
|
ensure that your users have <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3.dll</span></code> on their PATH (which is not the
|
|||
|
|
default behaviour of the installer) or you should bundle your application with
|
|||
|
|
the embedded distribution.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>The suggested launcher above uses the Python embedding API. This means that in
|
|||
|
|
your application, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.executable</span></code> will be your application, and <em>not</em> a
|
|||
|
|
conventional Python interpreter. Your code and its dependencies need to be
|
|||
|
|
prepared for this possibility. For example, if your application uses the
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing" title="multiprocessing: Process-based parallelism."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code></a> module, it will need to call
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#multiprocessing.set_executable" title="multiprocessing.set_executable"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.set_executable()</span></code></a> to let the module know where to find the
|
|||
|
|
standard Python interpreter.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="the-python-zip-application-archive-format">
|
|||
|
|
<h2>The Python Zip Application Archive Format<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-zip-application-archive-format" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Python has been able to execute zip files which contain a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> file
|
|||
|
|
since version 2.6. In order to be executed by Python, an application archive
|
|||
|
|
simply has to be a standard zip file containing a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> file which
|
|||
|
|
will be run as the entry point for the application. As usual for any Python
|
|||
|
|
script, the parent of the script (in this case the zip file) will be placed on
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a> and thus further modules can be imported from the zip file.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The zip file format allows arbitrary data to be prepended to a zip file. The
|
|||
|
|
zip application format uses this ability to prepend a standard POSIX “shebang”
|
|||
|
|
line to the file (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#!/path/to/interpreter</span></code>).</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Formally, the Python zip application format is therefore:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ol class="arabic simple">
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>An optional shebang line, containing the characters <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b'#!'</span></code> followed by an
|
|||
|
|
interpreter name, and then a newline (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b'\n'</span></code>) character. The interpreter
|
|||
|
|
name can be anything acceptable to the OS “shebang” processing, or the Python
|
|||
|
|
launcher on Windows. The interpreter should be encoded in UTF-8 on Windows,
|
|||
|
|
and in <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></code></a> on POSIX.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>Standard zipfile data, as generated by the <a class="reference internal" href="zipfile.html#module-zipfile" title="zipfile: Read and write ZIP-format archive files."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipfile</span></code></a> module. The
|
|||
|
|
zipfile content <em>must</em> include a file called <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> (which must be
|
|||
|
|
in the “root” of the zipfile - i.e., it cannot be in a subdirectory). The
|
|||
|
|
zipfile data can be compressed or uncompressed.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
|
<p>If an application archive has a shebang line, it may have the executable bit set
|
|||
|
|
on POSIX systems, to allow it to be executed directly.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>There is no requirement that the tools in this module are used to create
|
|||
|
|
application archives - the module is a convenience, but archives in the above
|
|||
|
|
format created by any means are acceptable to Python.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
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</div>
|
|||
|
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</div>
|
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|
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<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
|
|||
|
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<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
|
|||
|
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipapp</span></code> — Manage executable Python zip archives</a><ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-example">Basic Example</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-interface">Command-Line Interface</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-api">Python API</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#specifying-the-interpreter">Specifying the Interpreter</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-standalone-applications-with-zipapp">Creating Standalone Applications with zipapp</a><ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#making-a-windows-executable">Making a Windows executable</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#caveats">Caveats</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-python-zip-application-archive-format">The Python Zip Application Archive Format</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
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|
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|
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<h4>Previous topic</h4>
|
|||
|
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<p class="topless"><a href="venv.html"
|
|||
|
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title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> — Creation of virtual environments</a></p>
|
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|
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<h4>Next topic</h4>
|
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<p class="topless"><a href="python.html"
|
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|
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|
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<br />
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Last updated on Jul 13, 2019.
|
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<a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
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<br />
|
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Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 2.0.1.
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