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<div class="section" id="module-dis">
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<span id="dis-disassembler-for-python-bytecode"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> — Disassembler for Python bytecode<a class="headerlink" href="#module-dis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/dis.py">Lib/dis.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> module supports the analysis of CPython <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytecode"><span class="xref std std-term">bytecode</span></a> by
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disassembling it. The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an input is
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defined in the file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Include/opcode.h</span></code> and used by the compiler and the
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interpreter.</p>
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<div class="impl-detail compound">
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<p class="compound-first"><strong>CPython implementation detail:</strong> Bytecode is an implementation detail of the CPython interpreter. No
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guarantees are made that bytecode will not be added, removed, or changed
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between versions of Python. Use of this module should not be considered to
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work across Python VMs or Python releases.</p>
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<div class="compound-last versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Use 2 bytes for each instruction. Previously the number of bytes varied
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by instruction.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p>Example: Given the function <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></code>:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">myfunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">):</span>
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<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>the following command can be used to display the disassembly of
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<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></code>:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="go"> 2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (len)</span>
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<span class="go"> 2 LOAD_FAST 0 (alist)</span>
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<span class="go"> 4 CALL_FUNCTION 1</span>
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<span class="go"> 6 RETURN_VALUE</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>(The “2” is a line number).</p>
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<div class="section" id="bytecode-analysis">
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<h2>Bytecode analysis<a class="headerlink" href="#bytecode-analysis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<div class="versionadded">
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
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</div>
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<p>The bytecode analysis API allows pieces of Python code to be wrapped in a
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<a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></code></a> object that provides easy access to details of the compiled
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code.</p>
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<dl class="class">
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<dt id="dis.Bytecode">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">Bytecode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>first_line=None</em>, <em>current_offset=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Analyse the bytecode corresponding to a function, generator, asynchronous
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generator, coroutine, method, string of source code, or a code object (as
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returned by <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a>).</p>
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<p>This is a convenience wrapper around many of the functions listed below, most
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notably <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="dis.get_instructions"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_instructions()</span></code></a>, as iterating over a <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></code></a>
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instance yields the bytecode operations as <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></code></a> instances.</p>
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<p>If <em>first_line</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, it indicates the line number that should be
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reported for the first source line in the disassembled code. Otherwise, the
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source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code
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object.</p>
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<p>If <em>current_offset</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, it refers to an instruction offset in the
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disassembled code. Setting this means <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode.dis" title="dis.Bytecode.dis"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis()</span></code></a> will display a “current
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instruction” marker against the specified opcode.</p>
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<dl class="classmethod">
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<dt id="dis.Bytecode.from_traceback">
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<em class="property">classmethod </em><code class="descname">from_traceback</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>tb</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.from_traceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Construct a <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></code></a> instance from the given traceback, setting
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<em>current_offset</em> to the instruction responsible for the exception.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="dis.Bytecode.codeobj">
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<code class="descname">codeobj</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.codeobj" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>The compiled code object.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="dis.Bytecode.first_line">
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<code class="descname">first_line</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.first_line" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>The first source line of the code object (if available)</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="dis.Bytecode.dis">
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<code class="descname">dis</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.dis" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Return a formatted view of the bytecode operations (the same as printed by
|
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<a class="reference internal" href="#dis.dis" title="dis.dis"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis.dis()</span></code></a>, but returned as a multi-line string).</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="dis.Bytecode.info">
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<code class="descname">info</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed information about the
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code object, like <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.code_info" title="dis.code_info"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code_info()</span></code></a>.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<p>Example:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">bytecode</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Bytecode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">instr</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">bytecode</span><span class="p">:</span>
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<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">opname</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="gp">...</span>
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<span class="go">LOAD_GLOBAL</span>
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<span class="go">LOAD_FAST</span>
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<span class="go">CALL_FUNCTION</span>
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<span class="go">RETURN_VALUE</span>
|
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|
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</pre></div>
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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<div class="section" id="analysis-functions">
|
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<h2>Analysis functions<a class="headerlink" href="#analysis-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
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|
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<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code></a> module also defines the following analysis functions that convert
|
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|
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the input directly to the desired output. They can be useful if only a single
|
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operation is being performed, so the intermediate analysis object isn’t useful:</p>
|
|||
|
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<dl class="function">
|
|||
|
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<dt id="dis.code_info">
|
|||
|
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<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">code_info</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.code_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
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<dd><p>Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed code object information
|
|||
|
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for the supplied function, generator, asynchronous generator, coroutine,
|
|||
|
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method, source code string or code object.</p>
|
|||
|
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<p>Note that the exact contents of code info strings are highly implementation
|
|||
|
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dependent and they may change arbitrarily across Python VMs or Python
|
|||
|
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releases.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.</p>
|
|||
|
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</div>
|
|||
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</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
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|
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<dl class="function">
|
|||
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<dt id="dis.show_code">
|
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<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">show_code</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.show_code" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
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<dd><p>Print detailed code object information for the supplied function, method,
|
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source code string or code object to <em>file</em> (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> if <em>file</em>
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is not specified).</p>
|
|||
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<p>This is a convenient shorthand for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">print(code_info(x),</span> <span class="pre">file=file)</span></code>,
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intended for interactive exploration at the interpreter prompt.</p>
|
|||
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<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
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<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
|
|||
|
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</div>
|
|||
|
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<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>
|
|||
|
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</div>
|
|||
|
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</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
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<dl class="function">
|
|||
|
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<dt id="dis.dis">
|
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|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">dis</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x=None</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em>, <em>depth=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.dis" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Disassemble the <em>x</em> object. <em>x</em> can denote either a module, a class, a
|
|||
|
|
method, a function, a generator, an asynchronous generator, a coroutine,
|
|||
|
|
a code object, a string of source code or a byte sequence of raw bytecode.
|
|||
|
|
For a module, it disassembles all functions. For a class, it disassembles
|
|||
|
|
all methods (including class and static methods). For a code object or
|
|||
|
|
sequence of raw bytecode, it prints one line per bytecode instruction.
|
|||
|
|
It also recursively disassembles nested code objects (the code of
|
|||
|
|
comprehensions, generator expressions and nested functions, and the code
|
|||
|
|
used for building nested classes).
|
|||
|
|
Strings are first compiled to code objects with the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a>
|
|||
|
|
built-in function before being disassembled. If no object is provided, this
|
|||
|
|
function disassembles the last traceback.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The disassembly is written as text to the supplied <em>file</em> argument if
|
|||
|
|
provided and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> otherwise.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The maximal depth of recursion is limited by <em>depth</em> unless it is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">depth=0</span></code> means no recursion.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>Implemented recursive disassembling and added <em>depth</em> parameter.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>This can now handle coroutine and asynchronous generator objects.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="function">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.distb">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">distb</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>tb=None</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.distb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Disassemble the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the last
|
|||
|
|
traceback if none was passed. The instruction causing the exception is
|
|||
|
|
indicated.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The disassembly is written as text to the supplied <em>file</em> argument if
|
|||
|
|
provided and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> otherwise.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="function">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.disassemble">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">disassemble</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em>, <em>lasti=-1</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disassemble" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.disco">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">disco</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em>, <em>lasti=-1</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disco" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Disassemble a code object, indicating the last instruction if <em>lasti</em> was
|
|||
|
|
provided. The output is divided in the following columns:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ol class="arabic simple">
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>the line number, for the first instruction of each line</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>the current instruction, indicated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--></span></code>,</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>a labelled instruction, indicated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>></span></code>,</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>the address of the instruction,</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>the operation code name,</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>operation parameters, and</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable names,
|
|||
|
|
constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The disassembly is written as text to the supplied <em>file</em> argument if
|
|||
|
|
provided and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code> otherwise.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="function">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.get_instructions">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">get_instructions</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>x</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>first_line=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Return an iterator over the instructions in the supplied function, method,
|
|||
|
|
source code string or code object.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The iterator generates a series of <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></code></a> named tuples giving
|
|||
|
|
the details of each operation in the supplied code.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>If <em>first_line</em> is not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, it indicates the line number that should be
|
|||
|
|
reported for the first source line in the disassembled code. Otherwise, the
|
|||
|
|
source line information (if any) is taken directly from the disassembled code
|
|||
|
|
object.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="function">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.findlinestarts">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">findlinestarts</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlinestarts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>This generator function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_firstlineno</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_lnotab</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
attributes of the code object <em>code</em> to find the offsets which are starts of
|
|||
|
|
lines in the source code. They are generated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(offset,</span> <span class="pre">lineno)</span></code> pairs.
|
|||
|
|
See <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Objects/lnotab_notes.txt">Objects/lnotab_notes.txt</a> for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_lnotab</span></code> format and
|
|||
|
|
how to decode it.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Line numbers can be decreasing. Before, they were always increasing.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="function">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.findlabels">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">findlabels</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlabels" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Detect all offsets in the code object <em>code</em> which are jump targets, and
|
|||
|
|
return a list of these offsets.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="function">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.stack_effect">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">stack_effect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>opcode</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>oparg</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.stack_effect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Compute the stack effect of <em>opcode</em> with argument <em>oparg</em>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="python-bytecode-instructions">
|
|||
|
|
<span id="bytecodes"></span><h2>Python Bytecode Instructions<a class="headerlink" href="#python-bytecode-instructions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="dis.get_instructions"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_instructions()</span></code></a> function and <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></code></a> class provide
|
|||
|
|
details of bytecode instructions as <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></code></a> instances:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="class">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.Instruction">
|
|||
|
|
<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">Instruction</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Details for a bytecode operation</p>
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.Instruction.opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">opcode</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.opcode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>numeric code for operation, corresponding to the opcode values listed
|
|||
|
|
below and the bytecode values in the <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-collections"><span class="std std-ref">Opcode collections</span></a>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.Instruction.opname">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">opname</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.opname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>human readable name for operation</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.Instruction.arg">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">arg</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.arg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.Instruction.argval">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">argval</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.argval" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>resolved arg value (if known), otherwise same as arg</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.Instruction.argrepr">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">argrepr</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.argrepr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>human readable description of operation argument</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.Instruction.offset">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">offset</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.offset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>start index of operation within bytecode sequence</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.Instruction.starts_line">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">starts_line</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.starts_line" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.Instruction.is_jump_target">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">is_jump_target</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.is_jump_target" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if other code jumps to here, otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code></p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<p>The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>General instructions</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-NOP">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">NOP</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-NOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Do nothing code. Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-POP_TOP">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">POP_TOP</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-ROT_TWO">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">ROT_TWO</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_TWO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Swaps the two top-most stack items.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-ROT_THREE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">ROT_THREE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_THREE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Lifts second and third stack item one position up, moves top down to position
|
|||
|
|
three.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-DUP_TOP">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">DUP_TOP</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Duplicates the reference on top of the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-DUP_TOP_TWO">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">DUP_TOP_TWO</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOP_TWO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Duplicates the two references on top of the stack, leaving them in the
|
|||
|
|
same order.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Unary operations</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Unary operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the
|
|||
|
|
result back on the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">UNARY_POSITIVE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">+TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">UNARY_NEGATIVE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">-TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_NOT">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">UNARY_NOT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NOT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_INVERT">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">UNARY_INVERT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_INVERT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">~TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-GET_ITER">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">GET_ITER</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iter(TOS)</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span></code> is a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator-iterator"><span class="xref std std-term">generator iterator</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-coroutine"><span class="xref std std-term">coroutine</span></a> object
|
|||
|
|
it is left as is. Otherwise, implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iter(TOS)</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Binary operations</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second top-most
|
|||
|
|
stack item (TOS1) from the stack. They perform the operation, and put the
|
|||
|
|
result back on the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_POWER">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_POWER</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_MULTIPLY</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MATRIX_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">@</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_MODULO">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_MODULO</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_ADD">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_ADD</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_SUBTRACT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_SUBSCR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_LSHIFT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_RSHIFT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_AND">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_AND</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_XOR">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_XOR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_OR">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BINARY_OR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>In-place operations</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>In-place operations are like binary operations, in that they remove TOS and
|
|||
|
|
TOS1, and push the result back on the stack, but the operation is done in-place
|
|||
|
|
when TOS1 supports it, and the resulting TOS may be (but does not have to be)
|
|||
|
|
the original TOS1.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_POWER">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_POWER</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_MULTIPLY</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">@</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MODULO">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_MODULO</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_ADD">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_ADD</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_SUBTRACT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_LSHIFT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_RSHIFT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_AND">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_AND</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_XOR">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_XOR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_OR">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">INPLACE_OR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SUBSCR">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">STORE_SUBSCR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">DELETE_SUBSCR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Coroutine opcodes</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-GET_AWAITABLE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">GET_AWAITABLE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_AWAITABLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">get_awaitable(TOS)</span></code>, where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_awaitable(o)</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o</span></code> if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o</span></code> is a coroutine object or a generator object with
|
|||
|
|
the CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE flag, or resolves
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">o.__await__</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-GET_AITER">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">GET_AITER</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_AITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS.__aiter__()</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>Returning awaitable objects from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aiter__</span></code> is no longer
|
|||
|
|
supported.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-GET_ANEXT">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">GET_ANEXT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ANEXT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PUSH(get_awaitable(TOS.__anext__()))</span></code>. See <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GET_AWAITABLE</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
for details about <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_awaitable</span></code></p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Resolves <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aenter__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aexit__</span></code> from the object on top of the
|
|||
|
|
stack. Pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aexit__</span></code> and result of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__aenter__()</span></code> to the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_ASYNC_WITH">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">SETUP_ASYNC_WITH</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_ASYNC_WITH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Creates a new frame object.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Miscellaneous opcodes</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_EXPR">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">PRINT_EXPR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_EXPR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode. TOS is removed
|
|||
|
|
from the stack and printed. In non-interactive mode, an expression statement
|
|||
|
|
is terminated with <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></code></a>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BREAK_LOOP">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BREAK_LOOP</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BREAK_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Terminates a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#break"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code></a> statement.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">CONTINUE_LOOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Continues a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#continue"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code></a> statement. <em>target</em> is the
|
|||
|
|
address to jump to (which should be a <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FOR_ITER</span></code></a> instruction).</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-SET_ADD">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">SET_ADD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SET_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set.add(TOS1[-i],</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></code>. Used to implement set comprehensions.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-LIST_APPEND">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">LIST_APPEND</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list.append(TOS[-i],</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></code>. Used to implement list comprehensions.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-MAP_ADD">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">MAP_ADD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAP_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict.setitem(TOS1[-i],</span> <span class="pre">TOS,</span> <span class="pre">TOS1)</span></code>. Used to implement dict
|
|||
|
|
comprehensions.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.1.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<p>For all of the <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-SET_ADD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SET_ADD</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LIST_APPEND</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-MAP_ADD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MAP_ADD</span></code></a>
|
|||
|
|
instructions, while the added value or key/value pair is popped off, the
|
|||
|
|
container object remains on the stack so that it is available for further
|
|||
|
|
iterations of the loop.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-RETURN_VALUE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">RETURN_VALUE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RETURN_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-YIELD_VALUE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">YIELD_VALUE</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pops TOS and yields it from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><span class="xref std std-term">generator</span></a>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-YIELD_FROM">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">YIELD_FROM</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_FROM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pops TOS and delegates to it as a subiterator from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><span class="xref std std-term">generator</span></a>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_ANNOTATIONS">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">SETUP_ANNOTATIONS</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_ANNOTATIONS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Checks whether <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__annotations__</span></code> is defined in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">locals()</span></code>, if not it is
|
|||
|
|
set up to an empty <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code>. This opcode is only emitted if a class
|
|||
|
|
or module body contains <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-variable-annotation"><span class="xref std std-term">variable annotations</span></a>
|
|||
|
|
statically.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_STAR">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">IMPORT_STAR</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_STAR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Loads all symbols not starting with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'_'</span></code> directly from the module TOS to
|
|||
|
|
the local namespace. The module is popped after loading all names. This
|
|||
|
|
opcode implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">module</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-POP_BLOCK">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">POP_BLOCK</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_BLOCK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Removes one block from the block stack. Per frame, there is a stack of
|
|||
|
|
blocks, denoting nested loops, try statements, and such.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-POP_EXCEPT">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">POP_EXCEPT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_EXCEPT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Removes one block from the block stack. The popped block must be an exception
|
|||
|
|
handler block, as implicitly created when entering an except handler. In
|
|||
|
|
addition to popping extraneous values from the frame stack, the last three
|
|||
|
|
popped values are used to restore the exception state.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-END_FINALLY">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">END_FINALLY</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-END_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Terminates a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">finally</span></code></a> clause. The interpreter recalls whether the
|
|||
|
|
exception has to be re-raised, or whether the function returns, and continues
|
|||
|
|
with the outer-next block.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_BUILD_CLASS">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">LOAD_BUILD_CLASS</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_BUILD_CLASS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pushes <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">builtins.__build_class__()</span></code> onto the stack. It is later called
|
|||
|
|
by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code></a> to construct a class.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_WITH">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">SETUP_WITH</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_WITH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts. First,
|
|||
|
|
it loads <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></code></a> from the context manager and pushes it onto
|
|||
|
|
the stack for later use by <code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WITH_CLEANUP</span></code>. Then,
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__enter__" title="object.__enter__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__enter__()</span></code></a> is called, and a finally block pointing to <em>delta</em>
|
|||
|
|
is pushed. Finally, the result of calling the enter method is pushed onto
|
|||
|
|
the stack. The next opcode will either ignore it (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></code></a>), or
|
|||
|
|
store it in (a) variable(s) (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></code></a>, or
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</span></code></a>).</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-WITH_CLEANUP_START">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">WITH_CLEANUP_START</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP_START" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Cleans up the stack when a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code></a> statement block exits. TOS is the
|
|||
|
|
context manager’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></code></a> bound method. Below TOS are 1–3 values
|
|||
|
|
indicating how/why the finally clause was entered:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="simple">
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>SECOND = <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>(SECOND, THIRD) = (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHY_{RETURN,CONTINUE}</span></code>), retval</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>SECOND = <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHY_*</span></code>; no retval below it</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>(SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH) = exc_info()</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p>In the last case, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS(SECOND,</span> <span class="pre">THIRD,</span> <span class="pre">FOURTH)</span></code> is called, otherwise
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS(None,</span> <span class="pre">None,</span> <span class="pre">None)</span></code>. Pushes SECOND and result of the call
|
|||
|
|
to the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-WITH_CLEANUP_FINISH">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">WITH_CLEANUP_FINISH</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP_FINISH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pops exception type and result of ‘exit’ function call from the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>If the stack represents an exception, <em>and</em> the function call returns a
|
|||
|
|
‘true’ value, this information is “zapped” and replaced with a single
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHY_SILENCED</span></code> to prevent <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-END_FINALLY"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">END_FINALLY</span></code></a> from re-raising the
|
|||
|
|
exception. (But non-local gotos will still be resumed.)</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<p>All of the following opcodes use their arguments.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-STORE_NAME">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">STORE_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code>. <em>namei</em> is the index of <em>name</em> in the attribute
|
|||
|
|
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code> of the code object. The compiler tries to use
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_GLOBAL</span></code></a> if possible.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_NAME">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">DELETE_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">name</span></code>, where <em>namei</em> is the index into <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
attribute of the code object.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Unpacks TOS into <em>count</em> individual values, which are put onto the stack
|
|||
|
|
right-to-left.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-UNPACK_EX">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">UNPACK_EX</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>counts</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_EX" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in TOS into
|
|||
|
|
individual values, where the total number of values can be smaller than the
|
|||
|
|
number of items in the iterable: one of the new values will be a list of all
|
|||
|
|
leftover items.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The low byte of <em>counts</em> is the number of values before the list value, the
|
|||
|
|
high byte of <em>counts</em> the number of values after it. The resulting values
|
|||
|
|
are put onto the stack right-to-left.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-STORE_ATTR">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">STORE_ATTR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS.name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span></code>, where <em>namei</em> is the index of name in
|
|||
|
|
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_ATTR">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">DELETE_ATTR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS.name</span></code>, using <em>namei</em> as index into <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-STORE_GLOBAL">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">STORE_GLOBAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></code></a>, but stores the name as a global.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">DELETE_GLOBAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DELETE_NAME</span></code></a>, but deletes a global name.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_CONST">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">LOAD_CONST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>consti</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CONST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_consts[consti]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_NAME">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">LOAD_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pushes the value associated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_TUPLE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_TUPLE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Creates a tuple consuming <em>count</em> items from the stack, and pushes the
|
|||
|
|
resulting tuple onto the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_LIST">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_LIST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_LIST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></code></a>, but creates a list.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_SET">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_SET</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SET" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></code></a>, but creates a set.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_MAP">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_MAP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack. Pops <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">count</span></code> items
|
|||
|
|
so that the dictionary holds <em>count</em> entries:
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{...,</span> <span class="pre">TOS3:</span> <span class="pre">TOS2,</span> <span class="pre">TOS1:</span> <span class="pre">TOS}</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>The dictionary is created from stack items instead of creating an
|
|||
|
|
empty dictionary pre-sized to hold <em>count</em> items.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>The version of <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_MAP</span></code></a> specialized for constant keys. <em>count</em>
|
|||
|
|
values are consumed from the stack. The top element on the stack contains
|
|||
|
|
a tuple of keys.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_STRING">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_STRING</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_STRING" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Concatenates <em>count</em> strings from the stack and pushes the resulting string
|
|||
|
|
onto the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pops <em>count</em> iterables from the stack, joins them in a single tuple,
|
|||
|
|
and pushes the result. Implements iterable unpacking in tuple
|
|||
|
|
displays <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(*x,</span> <span class="pre">*y,</span> <span class="pre">*z)</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK_WITH_CALL">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK_WITH_CALL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK_WITH_CALL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>This is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK</span></code></a>,
|
|||
|
|
but is used for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(*x,</span> <span class="pre">*y,</span> <span class="pre">*z)</span></code> call syntax. The stack item at position
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">count</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code> should be the corresponding callable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_LIST_UNPACK">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_LIST_UNPACK</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_LIST_UNPACK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>This is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK</span></code></a>, but pushes a list
|
|||
|
|
instead of tuple. Implements iterable unpacking in list
|
|||
|
|
displays <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[*x,</span> <span class="pre">*y,</span> <span class="pre">*z]</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_SET_UNPACK">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_SET_UNPACK</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SET_UNPACK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>This is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK</span></code></a>, but pushes a set
|
|||
|
|
instead of tuple. Implements iterable unpacking in set
|
|||
|
|
displays <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{*x,</span> <span class="pre">*y,</span> <span class="pre">*z}</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_MAP_UNPACK">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_MAP_UNPACK</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP_UNPACK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pops <em>count</em> mappings from the stack, merges them into a single dictionary,
|
|||
|
|
and pushes the result. Implements dictionary unpacking in dictionary
|
|||
|
|
displays <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{**x,</span> <span class="pre">**y,</span> <span class="pre">**z}</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_MAP_UNPACK_WITH_CALL">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_MAP_UNPACK_WITH_CALL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>count</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP_UNPACK_WITH_CALL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>This is similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP_UNPACK"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_MAP_UNPACK</span></code></a>,
|
|||
|
|
but is used for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f(**x,</span> <span class="pre">**y,</span> <span class="pre">**z)</span></code> call syntax. The stack item at
|
|||
|
|
position <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">count</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">2</span></code> should be the corresponding callable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>The position of the callable is determined by adding 2 to the opcode
|
|||
|
|
argument instead of encoding it in the second byte of the argument.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_ATTR">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">LOAD_ATTR</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Replaces TOS with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getattr(TOS,</span> <span class="pre">co_names[namei])</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-COMPARE_OP">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">COMPARE_OP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>opname</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-COMPARE_OP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Performs a Boolean operation. The operation name can be found in
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmp_op[opname]</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_NAME">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">IMPORT_NAME</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Imports the module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code>. TOS and TOS1 are popped and provide
|
|||
|
|
the <em>fromlist</em> and <em>level</em> arguments of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#__import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a>. The module
|
|||
|
|
object is pushed onto the stack. The current namespace is not affected: for
|
|||
|
|
a proper import statement, a subsequent <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code></a> instruction
|
|||
|
|
modifies the namespace.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_FROM">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">IMPORT_FROM</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_FROM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Loads the attribute <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> from the module found in TOS. The
|
|||
|
|
resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></code></a> instruction.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_FORWARD">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">JUMP_FORWARD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_FORWARD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Increments bytecode counter by <em>delta</em>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em>. TOS is popped.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.1.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em>. TOS is popped.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.1.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em> and leaves TOS on the
|
|||
|
|
stack. Otherwise (TOS is false), TOS is popped.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.1.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em> and leaves TOS on the
|
|||
|
|
stack. Otherwise (TOS is true), TOS is popped.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.1.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">JUMP_ABSOLUTE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>target</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Set bytecode counter to <em>target</em>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-FOR_ITER">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">FOR_ITER</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>TOS is an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator"><span class="xref std std-term">iterator</span></a>. Call its <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator.__next__" title="iterator.__next__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__next__()</span></code></a> method. If
|
|||
|
|
this yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below
|
|||
|
|
it). If the iterator indicates it is exhausted TOS is popped, and the byte
|
|||
|
|
code counter is incremented by <em>delta</em>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">LOAD_GLOBAL</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Loads the global named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_LOOP">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">SETUP_LOOP</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pushes a block for a loop onto the block stack. The block spans from the
|
|||
|
|
current instruction with a size of <em>delta</em> bytes.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_EXCEPT">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">SETUP_EXCEPT</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_EXCEPT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. <em>delta</em>
|
|||
|
|
points to the first except block.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_FINALLY">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">SETUP_FINALLY</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>delta</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. <em>delta</em>
|
|||
|
|
points to the finally block.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_FAST">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">LOAD_FAST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>var_num</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pushes a reference to the local <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code> onto the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-STORE_FAST">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">STORE_FAST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>var_num</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Stores TOS into the local <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_FAST">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">DELETE_FAST</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>var_num</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Deletes local <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">LOAD_CLOSURE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free
|
|||
|
|
variable storage. The name of the variable is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_cellvars[i]</span></code> if <em>i</em> is
|
|||
|
|
less than the length of <em>co_cellvars</em>. Otherwise it is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_freevars[i</span> <span class="pre">-</span>
|
|||
|
|
<span class="pre">len(co_cellvars)]</span></code>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_DEREF">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">LOAD_DEREF</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Loads the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable storage.
|
|||
|
|
Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_CLASSDEREF">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">LOAD_CLASSDEREF</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CLASSDEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Much like <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_DEREF"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_DEREF</span></code></a> but first checks the locals dictionary before
|
|||
|
|
consulting the cell. This is used for loading free variables in class
|
|||
|
|
bodies.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-STORE_DEREF">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">STORE_DEREF</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Stores TOS into the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable
|
|||
|
|
storage.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_DEREF">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">DELETE_DEREF</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>i</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Empties the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable storage.
|
|||
|
|
Used by the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#del"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code></a> statement.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-RAISE_VARARGS">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">RAISE_VARARGS</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RAISE_VARARGS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Raises an exception using one of the 3 forms of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span></code> statement,
|
|||
|
|
depending on the value of <em>argc</em>:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="simple">
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>0: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span></code> (re-raise previous exception)</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>1: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code> (raise exception instance or type at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span></code>)</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>2: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">raise</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></code> (raise exception instance or type at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS1</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__cause__</span></code> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TOS</span></code>)</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Calls a callable object with positional arguments.
|
|||
|
|
<em>argc</em> indicates the number of positional arguments.
|
|||
|
|
The top of the stack contains positional arguments, with the right-most
|
|||
|
|
argument on top. Below the arguments is a callable object to call.
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></code> pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,
|
|||
|
|
calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value
|
|||
|
|
returned by the callable object.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>This opcode is used only for calls with positional arguments.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Calls a callable object with positional (if any) and keyword arguments.
|
|||
|
|
<em>argc</em> indicates the total number of positional and keyword arguments.
|
|||
|
|
The top element on the stack contains a tuple of keyword argument names.
|
|||
|
|
Below that are keyword arguments in the order corresponding to the tuple.
|
|||
|
|
Below that are positional arguments, with the right-most parameter on
|
|||
|
|
top. Below the arguments is a callable object to call.
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</span></code> pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,
|
|||
|
|
calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value
|
|||
|
|
returned by the callable object.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Keyword arguments are packed in a tuple instead of a dictionary,
|
|||
|
|
<em>argc</em> indicates the total number of arguments.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_EX">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_EX</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_EX" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Calls a callable object with variable set of positional and keyword
|
|||
|
|
arguments. If the lowest bit of <em>flags</em> is set, the top of the stack
|
|||
|
|
contains a mapping object containing additional keyword arguments.
|
|||
|
|
Below that is an iterable object containing positional arguments and
|
|||
|
|
a callable object to call. <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP_UNPACK_WITH_CALL"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_MAP_UNPACK_WITH_CALL</span></code></a> and
|
|||
|
|
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK_WITH_CALL"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE_UNPACK_WITH_CALL</span></code></a> can be used for merging multiple
|
|||
|
|
mapping objects and iterables containing arguments.
|
|||
|
|
Before the callable is called, the mapping object and iterable object
|
|||
|
|
are each “unpacked” and their contents passed in as keyword and
|
|||
|
|
positional arguments respectively.
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION_EX</span></code> pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,
|
|||
|
|
calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value
|
|||
|
|
returned by the callable object.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_METHOD">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">LOAD_METHOD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>namei</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_METHOD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Loads a method named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></code> from TOS object. TOS is popped and
|
|||
|
|
method and TOS are pushed when interpreter can call unbound method directly.
|
|||
|
|
TOS will be used as the first argument (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code>) by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_METHOD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALL_METHOD</span></code></a>.
|
|||
|
|
Otherwise, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> and method is pushed (method is bound method or
|
|||
|
|
something else).</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.7.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-CALL_METHOD">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">CALL_METHOD</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_METHOD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Calls a method. <em>argc</em> is number of positional arguments.
|
|||
|
|
Keyword arguments are not supported. This opcode is designed to be used
|
|||
|
|
with <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_METHOD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_METHOD</span></code></a>. Positional arguments are on top of the stack.
|
|||
|
|
Below them, two items described in <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_METHOD"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LOAD_METHOD</span></code></a> on the stack.
|
|||
|
|
All of them are popped and return value is pushed.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.7.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">MAKE_FUNCTION</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Pushes a new function object on the stack. From bottom to top, the consumed
|
|||
|
|
stack must consist of values if the argument carries a specified flag value</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="simple">
|
|||
|
|
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x01</span></code> a tuple of default values for positional-only and
|
|||
|
|
positional-or-keyword parameters in positional order</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x02</span></code> a dictionary of keyword-only parameters’ default values</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x04</span></code> an annotation dictionary</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x08</span></code> a tuple containing cells for free variables, making a closure</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>the code associated with the function (at TOS1)</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p>the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-qualified-name"><span class="xref std std-term">qualified name</span></a> of the function (at TOS)</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_SLICE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">BUILD_SLICE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>argc</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SLICE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p id="index-0">Pushes a slice object on the stack. <em>argc</em> must be 2 or 3. If it is 2,
|
|||
|
|
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">slice(TOS1,</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></code> is pushed; if it is 3, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">slice(TOS2,</span> <span class="pre">TOS1,</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></code> is
|
|||
|
|
pushed. See the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#slice" title="slice"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">slice()</span></code></a> built-in function for more information.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-EXTENDED_ARG">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">EXTENDED_ARG</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>ext</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-EXTENDED_ARG" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the default one
|
|||
|
|
byte. <em>ext</em> holds an additional byte which act as higher bits in the argument.
|
|||
|
|
For each opcode, at most three prefixal <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EXTENDED_ARG</span></code> are allowed, forming
|
|||
|
|
an argument from two-byte to four-byte.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-FORMAT_VALUE">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">FORMAT_VALUE</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-FORMAT_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Used for implementing formatted literal strings (f-strings). Pops
|
|||
|
|
an optional <em>fmt_spec</em> from the stack, then a required <em>value</em>.
|
|||
|
|
<em>flags</em> is interpreted as follows:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul class="simple">
|
|||
|
|
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(flags</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">0x03)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">0x00</span></code>: <em>value</em> is formatted as-is.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(flags</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">0x03)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">0x01</span></code>: call <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str()</span></code></a> on <em>value</em> before
|
|||
|
|
formatting it.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(flags</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">0x03)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">0x02</span></code>: call <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#repr" title="repr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code></a> on <em>value</em> before
|
|||
|
|
formatting it.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(flags</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">0x03)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">0x03</span></code>: call <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#ascii" title="ascii"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ascii()</span></code></a> on <em>value</em> before
|
|||
|
|
formatting it.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(flags</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">0x04)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">0x04</span></code>: pop <em>fmt_spec</em> from the stack and use
|
|||
|
|
it, else use an empty <em>fmt_spec</em>.</p></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Formatting is performed using <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject_Format()</span></code>. The
|
|||
|
|
result is pushed on the stack.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionadded">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.6.</span></p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="opcode">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descname">HAVE_ARGUMENT</code><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>This is not really an opcode. It identifies the dividing line between
|
|||
|
|
opcodes which don’t use their argument and those that do
|
|||
|
|
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code>, respectively).</p>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="versionchanged">
|
|||
|
|
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Now every instruction has an argument, but opcodes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code>
|
|||
|
|
ignore it. Before, only opcodes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>=</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></code> had an argument.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="section" id="opcode-collections">
|
|||
|
|
<span id="id1"></span><h2>Opcode collections<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-collections" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>These collections are provided for automatic introspection of bytecode
|
|||
|
|
instructions:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.opname">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">opname</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.opmap">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">opmap</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opmap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.cmp_op">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">cmp_op</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.cmp_op" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Sequence of all compare operation names.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.hasconst">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasconst</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasconst" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.hasfree">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasfree</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasfree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable (note that ‘free’ in this
|
|||
|
|
context refers to names in the current scope that are referenced by inner
|
|||
|
|
scopes or names in outer scopes that are referenced from this scope. It does
|
|||
|
|
<em>not</em> include references to global or builtin scopes).</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.hasname">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasname</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.hasjrel">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasjrel</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjrel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.hasjabs">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hasjabs</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjabs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.haslocal">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">haslocal</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.haslocal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<dl class="data">
|
|||
|
|
<dt id="dis.hascompare">
|
|||
|
|
<code class="descclassname">dis.</code><code class="descname">hascompare</code><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hascompare" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
|||
|
|
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.</p>
|
|||
|
|
</dd></dl>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
|
|||
|
|
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
|
|||
|
|
<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bytecode-analysis">Bytecode analysis</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#analysis-functions">Analysis functions</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-bytecode-instructions">Python Bytecode Instructions</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-collections">Opcode collections</a></li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<h4>Previous topic</h4>
|
|||
|
|
<p class="topless"><a href="compileall.html"
|
|||
|
|
title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compileall</span></code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a></p>
|
|||
|
|
<h4>Next topic</h4>
|
|||
|
|
<p class="topless"><a href="pickletools.html"
|
|||
|
|
title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></code> — Tools for pickle developers</a></p>
|
|||
|
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<div role="note" aria-label="source link">
|
|||
|
|
<h3>This Page</h3>
|
|||
|
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<ul class="this-page-menu">
|
|||
|
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<li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
|
|||
|
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<li>
|
|||
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.7/Doc/library/dis.rst"
|
|||
|
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rel="nofollow">Show Source
|
|||
|
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|
|||
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|
|||
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|
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|
|||
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</div>
|
|||
|
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|
|||
|
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|
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|
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|||
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|
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|
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|
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