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<div class="section" id="module-code">
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<span id="code-interpreter-base-classes"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-code" title="code: Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code></a> — Interpreter base classes<a class="headerlink" href="#module-code" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/code.py">Lib/code.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code> module provides facilities to implement read-eval-print loops in
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Python. Two classes and convenience functions are included which can be used to
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build applications which provide an interactive interpreter prompt.</p>
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<dl class="class">
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<dt id="code.InteractiveInterpreter">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">code.</code><code class="descname">InteractiveInterpreter</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>locals=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>This class deals with parsing and interpreter state (the user’s namespace); it
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does not deal with input buffering or prompting or input file naming (the
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filename is always passed in explicitly). The optional <em>locals</em> argument
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specifies the dictionary in which code will be executed; it defaults to a newly
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created dictionary with key <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'__name__'</span></code> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'__console__'</span></code> and key
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'__doc__'</span></code> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="class">
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<dt id="code.InteractiveConsole">
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<em class="property">class </em><code class="descclassname">code.</code><code class="descname">InteractiveConsole</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>locals=None</em>, <em>filename="<console>"</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.InteractiveConsole" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Closely emulate the behavior of the interactive Python interpreter. This class
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builds on <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter" title="code.InteractiveInterpreter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InteractiveInterpreter</span></code></a> and adds prompting using the familiar
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps1</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps2</span></code>, and input buffering.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="code.interact">
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<code class="descclassname">code.</code><code class="descname">interact</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>banner=None</em>, <em>readfunc=None</em>, <em>local=None</em>, <em>exitmsg=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.interact" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Convenience function to run a read-eval-print loop. This creates a new
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instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveConsole" title="code.InteractiveConsole"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InteractiveConsole</span></code></a> and sets <em>readfunc</em> to be used as
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the <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveConsole.raw_input" title="code.InteractiveConsole.raw_input"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InteractiveConsole.raw_input()</span></code></a> method, if provided. If <em>local</em> is
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provided, it is passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveConsole" title="code.InteractiveConsole"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InteractiveConsole</span></code></a> constructor for
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use as the default namespace for the interpreter loop. The <a class="reference internal" href="#code.interact" title="code.interact"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">interact()</span></code></a>
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method of the instance is then run with <em>banner</em> and <em>exitmsg</em> passed as the
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banner and exit message to use, if provided. The console object is discarded
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after use.</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Added <em>exitmsg</em> parameter.</p>
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</div>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="code.compile_command">
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<code class="descclassname">code.</code><code class="descname">compile_command</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>source</em>, <em>filename="<input>"</em>, <em>symbol="single"</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.compile_command" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>This function is useful for programs that want to emulate Python’s interpreter
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main loop (a.k.a. the read-eval-print loop). The tricky part is to determine
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when the user has entered an incomplete command that can be completed by
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entering more text (as opposed to a complete command or a syntax error). This
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function <em>almost</em> always makes the same decision as the real interpreter main
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loop.</p>
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<p><em>source</em> is the source string; <em>filename</em> is the optional filename from which
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source was read, defaulting to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'<input>'</span></code>; and <em>symbol</em> is the optional
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grammar start symbol, which should be either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'single'</span></code> (the default) or
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'eval'</span></code>.</p>
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<p>Returns a code object (the same as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile(source,</span> <span class="pre">filename,</span> <span class="pre">symbol)</span></code>) if the
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command is complete and valid; <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> if the command is incomplete; raises
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<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></code></a> if the command is complete and contains a syntax error, or
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raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OverflowError" title="OverflowError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> if the command contains an
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invalid literal.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<div class="section" id="interactive-interpreter-objects">
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<span id="interpreter-objects"></span><h2>Interactive Interpreter Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#interactive-interpreter-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="code.InteractiveInterpreter.runsource">
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<code class="descclassname">InteractiveInterpreter.</code><code class="descname">runsource</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>source</em>, <em>filename="<input>"</em>, <em>symbol="single"</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.runsource" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Compile and run some source in the interpreter. Arguments are the same as for
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<a class="reference internal" href="#code.compile_command" title="code.compile_command"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile_command()</span></code></a>; the default for <em>filename</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'<input>'</span></code>, and for
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<em>symbol</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'single'</span></code>. One several things can happen:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>The input is incorrect; <a class="reference internal" href="#code.compile_command" title="code.compile_command"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile_command()</span></code></a> raised an exception
|
||
(<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OverflowError" title="OverflowError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></code></a>). A syntax traceback will be
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||
printed by calling the <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.showsyntaxerror" title="code.InteractiveInterpreter.showsyntaxerror"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">showsyntaxerror()</span></code></a> method. <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.runsource" title="code.InteractiveInterpreter.runsource"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runsource()</span></code></a>
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returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</p></li>
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<li><p>The input is incomplete, and more input is required; <a class="reference internal" href="#code.compile_command" title="code.compile_command"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile_command()</span></code></a>
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returned <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>. <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.runsource" title="code.InteractiveInterpreter.runsource"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runsource()</span></code></a> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>.</p></li>
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<li><p>The input is complete; <a class="reference internal" href="#code.compile_command" title="code.compile_command"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile_command()</span></code></a> returned a code object. The
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code is executed by calling the <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.runcode" title="code.InteractiveInterpreter.runcode"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runcode()</span></code></a> (which also handles run-time
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exceptions, except for <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a>). <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.runsource" title="code.InteractiveInterpreter.runsource"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runsource()</span></code></a> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>The return value can be used to decide whether to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps1</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps2</span></code>
|
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to prompt the next line.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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|
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<dl class="method">
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<dt id="code.InteractiveInterpreter.runcode">
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<code class="descclassname">InteractiveInterpreter.</code><code class="descname">runcode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>code</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.runcode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Execute a code object. When an exception occurs, <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.showtraceback" title="code.InteractiveInterpreter.showtraceback"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">showtraceback()</span></code></a> is called
|
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to display a traceback. All exceptions are caught except <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a>,
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which is allowed to propagate.</p>
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<p>A note about <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyboardInterrupt" title="KeyboardInterrupt"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></code></a>: this exception may occur elsewhere in
|
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this code, and may not always be caught. The caller should be prepared to deal
|
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with it.</p>
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</dd></dl>
|
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|
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<dl class="method">
|
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<dt id="code.InteractiveInterpreter.showsyntaxerror">
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<code class="descclassname">InteractiveInterpreter.</code><code class="descname">showsyntaxerror</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>filename=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.showsyntaxerror" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
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<dd><p>Display the syntax error that just occurred. This does not display a stack
|
||
trace because there isn’t one for syntax errors. If <em>filename</em> is given, it is
|
||
stuffed into the exception instead of the default filename provided by Python’s
|
||
parser, because it always uses <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'<string>'</span></code> when reading from a string. The
|
||
output is written by the <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.write" title="code.InteractiveInterpreter.write"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write()</span></code></a> method.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="code.InteractiveInterpreter.showtraceback">
|
||
<code class="descclassname">InteractiveInterpreter.</code><code class="descname">showtraceback</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.showtraceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Display the exception that just occurred. We remove the first stack item
|
||
because it is within the interpreter object implementation. The output is
|
||
written by the <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.write" title="code.InteractiveInterpreter.write"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write()</span></code></a> method.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>The full chained traceback is displayed instead
|
||
of just the primary traceback.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="code.InteractiveInterpreter.write">
|
||
<code class="descclassname">InteractiveInterpreter.</code><code class="descname">write</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>data</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter.write" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Write a string to the standard error stream (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stderr</span></code>). Derived classes
|
||
should override this to provide the appropriate output handling as needed.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="section" id="interactive-console-objects">
|
||
<span id="console-objects"></span><h2>Interactive Console Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#interactive-console-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveConsole" title="code.InteractiveConsole"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InteractiveConsole</span></code></a> class is a subclass of
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#code.InteractiveInterpreter" title="code.InteractiveInterpreter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">InteractiveInterpreter</span></code></a>, and so offers all the methods of the
|
||
interpreter objects as well as the following additions.</p>
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="code.InteractiveConsole.interact">
|
||
<code class="descclassname">InteractiveConsole.</code><code class="descname">interact</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>banner=None</em>, <em>exitmsg=None</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.InteractiveConsole.interact" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Closely emulate the interactive Python console. The optional <em>banner</em> argument
|
||
specify the banner to print before the first interaction; by default it prints a
|
||
banner similar to the one printed by the standard Python interpreter, followed
|
||
by the class name of the console object in parentheses (so as not to confuse
|
||
this with the real interpreter – since it’s so close!).</p>
|
||
<p>The optional <em>exitmsg</em> argument specifies an exit message printed when exiting.
|
||
Pass the empty string to suppress the exit message. If <em>exitmsg</em> is not given or
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, a default message is printed.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>To suppress printing any banner, pass an empty string.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Print an exit message when exiting.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="code.InteractiveConsole.push">
|
||
<code class="descclassname">InteractiveConsole.</code><code class="descname">push</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>line</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.InteractiveConsole.push" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Push a line of source text to the interpreter. The line should not have a
|
||
trailing newline; it may have internal newlines. The line is appended to a
|
||
buffer and the interpreter’s <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runsource()</span></code> method is called with the
|
||
concatenated contents of the buffer as source. If this indicates that the
|
||
command was executed or invalid, the buffer is reset; otherwise, the command is
|
||
incomplete, and the buffer is left as it was after the line was appended. The
|
||
return value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if more input is required, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if the line was
|
||
dealt with in some way (this is the same as <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runsource()</span></code>).</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="code.InteractiveConsole.resetbuffer">
|
||
<code class="descclassname">InteractiveConsole.</code><code class="descname">resetbuffer</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.InteractiveConsole.resetbuffer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Remove any unhandled source text from the input buffer.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="method">
|
||
<dt id="code.InteractiveConsole.raw_input">
|
||
<code class="descclassname">InteractiveConsole.</code><code class="descname">raw_input</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>prompt=""</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#code.InteractiveConsole.raw_input" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Write a prompt and read a line. The returned line does not include the trailing
|
||
newline. When the user enters the EOF key sequence, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#EOFError" title="EOFError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EOFError</span></code></a> is raised.
|
||
The base implementation reads from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdin</span></code>; a subclass may replace this
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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