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<span id="using-on-unix"></span><h1>2. Using Python on Unix platforms<a class="headerlink" href="#using-python-on-unix-platforms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<div class="section" id="getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python">
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<h2>2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<div class="section" id="on-linux">
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<h3>2.1.1. On Linux<a class="headerlink" href="#on-linux" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
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<p>Python comes preinstalled on most Linux distributions, and is available as a
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package on all others. However there are certain features you might want to use
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that are not available on your distro’s package. You can easily compile the
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latest version of Python from source.</p>
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<p>In the event that Python doesn’t come preinstalled and isn’t in the repositories as
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well, you can easily make packages for your own distro. Have a look at the
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following links:</p>
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<div class="admonition seealso">
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<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
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<dl class="simple">
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<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/first.en.html">https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/first.en.html</a></dt><dd><p>for Debian users</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Packaging">https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Packaging</a></dt><dd><p>for OpenSuse users</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://docs-old.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora_Draft_Documentation/0.1/html/RPM_Guide/ch-creating-rpms.html">https://docs-old.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora_Draft_Documentation/0.1/html/RPM_Guide/ch-creating-rpms.html</a></dt><dd><p>for Fedora users</p>
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</dd>
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<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management-making-packages.html">http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management-making-packages.html</a></dt><dd><p>for Slackware users</p>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="on-freebsd-and-openbsd">
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<h3>2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD<a class="headerlink" href="#on-freebsd-and-openbsd" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li><p>FreeBSD users, to add the package use:</p>
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<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>pkg install python3
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</li>
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<li><p>OpenBSD users, to add the package use:</p>
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<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>pkg_add -r python
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pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/<insert your architecture here>/python-<version>.tgz
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>For example i386 users get the 2.5.1 version of Python using:</p>
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<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/i386/python-2.5.1p2.tgz
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="on-opensolaris">
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<h3>2.1.3. On OpenSolaris<a class="headerlink" href="#on-opensolaris" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
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<p>You can get Python from <a class="reference external" href="https://www.opencsw.org/">OpenCSW</a>. Various versions
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of Python are available and can be installed with e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkgutil</span> <span class="pre">-i</span> <span class="pre">python27</span></code>.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="building-python">
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<span id="building-python-on-unix"></span><h2>2.2. Building Python<a class="headerlink" href="#building-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is get the
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<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/source/">source</a>. You can download either the
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latest release’s source or just grab a fresh <a class="reference external" href="https://devguide.python.org/setup/#getting-the-source-code">clone</a>. (If you want
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to contribute patches, you will need a clone.)</p>
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<p>The build process consists in the usual</p>
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<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>./configure
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make
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make install
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>invocations. Configuration options and caveats for specific Unix platforms are
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extensively documented in the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/README.rst">README.rst</a> file in the root of the Python
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source tree.</p>
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<div class="admonition warning">
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<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code> can overwrite or masquerade the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3</span></code> binary.
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">altinstall</span></code> is therefore recommended instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code>
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since it only installs <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/bin/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code>.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="python-related-paths-and-files">
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<h2>2.3. Python-related paths and files<a class="headerlink" href="#python-related-paths-and-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>These are subject to difference depending on local installation conventions;
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<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code> (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${prefix}</span></code>) and <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></code> (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${exec_prefix}</span></code>)
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are installation-dependent and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they
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may be the same.</p>
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<p>For example, on most Linux systems, the default for both is <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr</span></code>.</p>
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<table class="docutils align-center">
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<colgroup>
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<col style="width: 53%" />
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<col style="width: 47%" />
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</colgroup>
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<thead>
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<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>File/directory</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>Meaning</p></th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/bin/python3</span></code></p></td>
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<td><p>Recommended location of the interpreter.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/lib/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code>,
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<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/lib/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code></p></td>
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<td><p>Recommended locations of the directories
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containing the standard modules.</p></td>
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</tr>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/include/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code>,
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<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></em><span class="pre">/include/python</span><em><span class="pre">version</span></em></code></p></td>
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<td><p>Recommended locations of the directories
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containing the include files needed for
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developing Python extensions and
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embedding the interpreter.</p></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="miscellaneous">
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<h2>2.4. Miscellaneous<a class="headerlink" href="#miscellaneous" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>To easily use Python scripts on Unix, you need to make them executable,
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e.g. with</p>
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<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$</span> chmod +x script
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>and put an appropriate Shebang line at the top of the script. A good choice is
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usually</p>
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<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>which searches for the Python interpreter in the whole <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PATH</span></code>. However,
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some Unices may not have the <strong class="program">env</strong> command, so you may need to hardcode
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/bin/python3</span></code> as the interpreter path.</p>
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<p>To use shell commands in your Python scripts, look at the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/subprocess.html#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: Subprocess management."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code></a> module.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="editors-and-ides">
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<h2>2.5. Editors and IDEs<a class="headerlink" href="#editors-and-ides" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>There are a number of IDEs that support Python programming language.
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Many editors and IDEs provide syntax highlighting, debugging tools, and <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008"><strong>PEP 8</strong></a> checks.</p>
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<p>Please go to <a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEditors">Python Editors</a> and
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<a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironments">Integrated Development Environments</a>
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for a comprehensive list.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">2. Using Python on Unix platforms</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-and-installing-the-latest-version-of-python">2.1. Getting and installing the latest version of Python</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#on-linux">2.1.1. On Linux</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#on-freebsd-and-openbsd">2.1.2. On FreeBSD and OpenBSD</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#on-opensolaris">2.1.3. On OpenSolaris</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#building-python">2.2. Building Python</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-related-paths-and-files">2.3. Python-related paths and files</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#miscellaneous">2.4. Miscellaneous</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#editors-and-ides">2.5. Editors and IDEs</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h4>Previous topic</h4>
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<p class="topless"><a href="cmdline.html"
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title="previous chapter">1. Command line and environment</a></p>
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<h4>Next topic</h4>
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<p class="topless"><a href="windows.html"
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title="next chapter">3. Using Python on Windows</a></p>
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Last updated on Jul 13, 2019.
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