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<title>The Very High Level Layer &#8212; Python 3.7.4 documentation</title>
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<div class="section" id="the-very-high-level-layer">
<span id="veryhigh"></span><h1>The Very High Level Layer<a class="headerlink" href="#the-very-high-level-layer" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>The functions in this chapter will let you execute Python source code given in a
file or a buffer, but they will not let you interact in a more detailed way with
the interpreter.</p>
<p>Several of these functions accept a start symbol from the grammar as a
parameter. The available start symbols are <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_eval_input</span></code>,
<code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_file_input</span></code>, and <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_single_input</span></code>. These are described
following the functions which accept them as parameters.</p>
<p>Note also that several of these functions take <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE*</span></code> parameters. One
particular issue which needs to be handled carefully is that the <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE</span></code>
structure for different C libraries can be different and incompatible. Under
Windows (at least), it is possible for dynamically linked extensions to actually
use different libraries, so care should be taken that <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FILE*</span></code> parameters
are only passed to these functions if it is certain that they were created by
the same library that the Python runtime is using.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_Main">
int <code class="descname">Py_Main</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>int<em> argc</em>, wchar_t<em> **argv</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_Main" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>The main program for the standard interpreter. This is made available for
programs which embed Python. The <em>argc</em> and <em>argv</em> parameters should be
prepared exactly as those which are passed to a C program’s <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">main()</span></code>
function (converted to wchar_t according to the user’s locale). It is
important to note that the argument list may be modified (but the contents of
the strings pointed to by the argument list are not). The return value will
be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> if the interpreter exits normally (i.e., without an exception),
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if the interpreter exits due to an exception, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code> if the parameter
list does not represent a valid Python command line.</p>
<p>Note that if an otherwise unhandled <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a> is raised, this
function will not return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>, but exit the process, as long as
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_InspectFlag</span></code> is not set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_AnyFile">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_AnyFile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFile" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags" title="PyRun_AnyFileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
<em>closeit</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> and <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_AnyFileFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_AnyFileFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags" title="PyRun_AnyFileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
the <em>closeit</em> argument set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_AnyFileEx">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_AnyFileEx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> closeit</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileEx" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags" title="PyRun_AnyFileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_AnyFileExFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
the <em>flags</em> argument set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_AnyFileExFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> closeit</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_AnyFileExFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>If <em>fp</em> refers to a file associated with an interactive device (console or
terminal input or Unix pseudo-terminal), return the value of
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoop" title="PyRun_InteractiveLoop"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveLoop()</span></code></a>, otherwise return the result of
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFile" title="PyRun_SimpleFile"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFile()</span></code></a>. <em>filename</em> is decoded from the filesystem
encoding (<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></code></a>). If <em>filename</em> is <em>NULL</em>, this
function uses <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;???&quot;</span></code> as the filename.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleString">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_SimpleString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *command</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleString" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleStringFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleStringFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving the <em>PyCompilerFlags*</em> argument set to NULL.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_SimpleStringFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *command</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Executes the Python source code from <em>command</em> in the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> module
according to the <em>flags</em> argument. If <a class="reference internal" href="../library/__main__.html#module-__main__" title="__main__: The environment where the top-level script is run."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code></a> does not already exist, it
is created. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if an exception was raised. If
there was an error, there is no way to get the exception information. For the
meaning of <em>flags</em>, see below.</p>
<p>Note that if an otherwise unhandled <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a> is raised, this
function will not return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>, but exit the process, as long as
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_InspectFlag</span></code> is not set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleFile">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_SimpleFile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFile" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving <em>closeit</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> and <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleFileEx">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_SimpleFileEx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> closeit</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileEx" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> closeit</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_SimpleStringFlags" title="PyRun_SimpleStringFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_SimpleStringFlags()</span></code></a>, but the Python source code is read
from <em>fp</em> instead of an in-memory string. <em>filename</em> should be the name of
the file, it is decoded from the filesystem encoding
(<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></code></a>). If <em>closeit</em> is true, the file is
closed before PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags returns.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>On Windows, <em>fp</em> should be opened as binary mode (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fopen(filename,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;rb&quot;)</span></code>.
Otherwise, Python may not handle script file with LF line ending correctly.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_InteractiveOne">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_InteractiveOne</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveOne" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags" title="PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Read and execute a single statement from a file associated with an
interactive device according to the <em>flags</em> argument. The user will be
prompted using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps1</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps2</span></code>. <em>filename</em> is decoded from the
filesystem encoding (<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></code></a>).</p>
<p>Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> when the input was
executed successfully, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if there was an exception, or an error code
from the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errcode.h</span></code> include file distributed as part of Python if
there was a parse error. (Note that <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errcode.h</span></code> is not included by
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Python.h</span></code>, so must be included specifically if needed.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_InteractiveLoop">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_InteractiveLoop</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoop" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags" title="PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Read and execute statements from a file associated with an interactive device
until EOF is reached. The user will be prompted using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps1</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps2</span></code>. <em>filename</em> is decoded from the filesystem encoding
(<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></code></a>). Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> at EOF or a negative
number upon failure.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.PyOS_InputHook">
int <code class="descname">(*PyOS_InputHook)</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>void<span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyOS_InputHook" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Can be set to point to a function with the prototype
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span> <span class="pre">func(void)</span></code>. The function will be called when Python’s
interpreter prompt is about to become idle and wait for user input
from the terminal. The return value is ignored. Overriding this
hook can be used to integrate the interpreter’s prompt with other
event loops, as done in the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Modules/_tkinter.c</span></code> in the
Python source code.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer">
char* <code class="descname">(*PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer)</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *</em>, FILE<em> *</em>, const char<em> *</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyOS_ReadlineFunctionPointer" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Can be set to point to a function with the prototype
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">char</span> <span class="pre">*func(FILE</span> <span class="pre">*stdin,</span> <span class="pre">FILE</span> <span class="pre">*stdout,</span> <span class="pre">char</span> <span class="pre">*prompt)</span></code>,
overriding the default function used to read a single line of input
at the interpreter’s prompt. The function is expected to output
the string <em>prompt</em> if it’s not <em>NULL</em>, and then read a line of
input from the provided standard input file, returning the
resulting string. For example, The <a class="reference internal" href="../library/readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a> module sets
this hook to provide line-editing and tab-completion features.</p>
<p>The result must be a string allocated by <a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_RawMalloc" title="PyMem_RawMalloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_RawMalloc()</span></code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_RawRealloc" title="PyMem_RawRealloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_RawRealloc()</span></code></a>, or <em>NULL</em> if an error occurred.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>The result must be allocated by <a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_RawMalloc" title="PyMem_RawMalloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_RawMalloc()</span></code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_RawRealloc" title="PyMem_RawRealloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_RawRealloc()</span></code></a>, instead of being allocated by
<a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_Malloc" title="PyMem_Malloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Malloc()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#c.PyMem_Realloc" title="PyMem_Realloc"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMem_Realloc()</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseString">
struct _node* <code class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, int<em> start</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseString" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename" title="PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()</span></code></a> below, leaving <em>filename</em> set
to <em>NULL</em> and <em>flags</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags">
struct _node* <code class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, int<em> start</em>, int<em> flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename" title="PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()</span></code></a> below, leaving <em>filename</em> set
to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename">
struct _node* <code class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, int<em> flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Parse Python source code from <em>str</em> using the start token <em>start</em> according to
the <em>flags</em> argument. The result can be used to create a code object which can
be evaluated efficiently. This is useful if a code fragment must be evaluated
many times. <em>filename</em> is decoded from the filesystem encoding
(<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></code></a>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseFile">
struct _node* <code class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseFile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseFile" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags" title="PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags()</span></code></a> below,
leaving <em>flags</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags">
struct _node* <code class="descname">PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, int<em> flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename" title="PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename()</span></code></a>, but the Python
source code is read from <em>fp</em> instead of an in-memory string.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_String">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyRun_String</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_String" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_StringFlags" title="PyRun_StringFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_StringFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
<em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_StringFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyRun_StringFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_StringFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Execute Python source code from <em>str</em> in the context specified by the
objects <em>globals</em> and <em>locals</em> with the compiler flags specified by
<em>flags</em>. <em>globals</em> must be a dictionary; <em>locals</em> can be any object
that implements the mapping protocol. The parameter <em>start</em> specifies
the start token that should be used to parse the source code.</p>
<p>Returns the result of executing the code as a Python object, or <em>NULL</em> if an
exception was raised.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_File">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyRun_File</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_File" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="PyRun_FileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_FileExFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
<em>closeit</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> and <em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_FileEx">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyRun_FileEx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em>, int<em> closeit</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_FileEx" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="PyRun_FileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_FileExFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
<em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_FileFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyRun_FileFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_FileFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="PyRun_FileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_FileExFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
<em>closeit</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyRun_FileExFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyRun_FileExFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>FILE<em> *fp</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em>, int<em> closeit</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_StringFlags" title="PyRun_StringFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_StringFlags()</span></code></a>, but the Python source code is read from
<em>fp</em> instead of an in-memory string. <em>filename</em> should be the name of the file,
it is decoded from the filesystem encoding (<a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.getfilesystemencoding" title="sys.getfilesystemencoding"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.getfilesystemencoding()</span></code></a>).
If <em>closeit</em> is true, the file is closed before <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyRun_FileExFlags" title="PyRun_FileExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyRun_FileExFlags()</span></code></a>
returns.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_CompileString">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">Py_CompileString</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_CompileString" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileStringFlags" title="Py_CompileStringFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_CompileStringFlags()</span></code></a> below, leaving
<em>flags</em> set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_CompileStringFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">Py_CompileStringFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_CompileStringFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileStringExFlags" title="Py_CompileStringExFlags"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_CompileStringExFlags()</span></code></a> below, with
<em>optimize</em> set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_CompileStringObject">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">Py_CompileStringObject</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em>, int<em> optimize</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_CompileStringObject" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Parse and compile the Python source code in <em>str</em>, returning the resulting code
object. The start token is given by <em>start</em>; this can be used to constrain the
code which can be compiled and should be <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_eval_input</span></code>,
<code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_file_input</span></code>, or <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_single_input</span></code>. The filename specified by
<em>filename</em> is used to construct the code object and may appear in tracebacks or
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#SyntaxError" title="SyntaxError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SyntaxError</span></code></a> exception messages. This returns <em>NULL</em> if the code
cannot be parsed or compiled.</p>
<p>The integer <em>optimize</em> specifies the optimization level of the compiler; a
value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> selects the optimization level of the interpreter as given by
<a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-o"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-O</span></code></a> options. Explicit levels are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> (no optimization;
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__debug__</span></code> is true), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> (asserts are removed, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__debug__</span></code> is false)
or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code> (docstrings are removed too).</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.Py_CompileStringExFlags">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">Py_CompileStringExFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span>const char<em> *str</em>, const char<em> *filename</em>, int<em> start</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *flags</em>, int<em> optimize</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_CompileStringExFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileStringObject" title="Py_CompileStringObject"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_CompileStringObject()</span></code></a>, but <em>filename</em> is a byte string
decoded from the filesystem encoding (<a class="reference internal" href="../library/os.html#os.fsdecode" title="os.fsdecode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fsdecode()</span></code></a>).</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_EvalCode">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyEval_EvalCode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *co</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_EvalCode" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyEval_EvalCodeEx" title="PyEval_EvalCodeEx"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyEval_EvalCodeEx()</span></code></a>, with just
the code object, and global and local variables. The other arguments are
set to <em>NULL</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_EvalCodeEx">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyEval_EvalCodeEx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *co</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *globals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *locals</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *const<em> *args</em>, int<em> argcount</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *const<em> *kws</em>, int<em> kwcount</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *const<em> *defs</em>, int<em> defcount</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *kwdefs</em>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a><em> *closure</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_EvalCodeEx" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Evaluate a precompiled code object, given a particular environment for its
evaluation. This environment consists of a dictionary of global variables,
a mapping object of local variables, arrays of arguments, keywords and
defaults, a dictionary of default values for <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#keyword-only-parameter"><span class="std std-ref">keyword-only</span></a> arguments and a closure tuple of cells.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.PyFrameObject">
<code class="descname">PyFrameObject</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFrameObject" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>The C structure of the objects used to describe frame objects. The
fields of this type are subject to change at any time.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_EvalFrame">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyEval_EvalFrame</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyFrameObject" title="PyFrameObject">PyFrameObject</a><em> *f</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_EvalFrame" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>Evaluate an execution frame. This is a simplified interface to
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyEval_EvalFrameEx" title="PyEval_EvalFrameEx"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyEval_EvalFrameEx()</span></code></a>, for backward compatibility.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_EvalFrameEx">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a>* <code class="descname">PyEval_EvalFrameEx</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyFrameObject" title="PyFrameObject">PyFrameObject</a><em> *f</em>, int<em> throwflag</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_EvalFrameEx" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount">Return value: New reference.</em><p>This is the main, unvarnished function of Python interpretation. It is
literally 2000 lines long. The code object associated with the execution
frame <em>f</em> is executed, interpreting bytecode and executing calls as needed.
The additional <em>throwflag</em> parameter can mostly be ignored - if true, then
it causes an exception to immediately be thrown; this is used for the
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#generator.throw" title="generator.throw"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">throw()</span></code></a> methods of generator objects.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>This function now includes a debug assertion to help ensure that it
does not silently discard an active exception.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="c.PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags">
int <code class="descname">PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="PyCompilerFlags">PyCompilerFlags</a><em> *cf</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This function changes the flags of the current evaluation frame, and returns
true on success, false on failure.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.Py_eval_input">
int <code class="descname">Py_eval_input</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_eval_input" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-0">The start symbol from the Python grammar for isolated expressions; for use with
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileString" title="Py_CompileString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_CompileString()</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.Py_file_input">
int <code class="descname">Py_file_input</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_file_input" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-1">The start symbol from the Python grammar for sequences of statements as read
from a file or other source; for use with <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileString" title="Py_CompileString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_CompileString()</span></code></a>. This is
the symbol to use when compiling arbitrarily long Python source code.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.Py_single_input">
int <code class="descname">Py_single_input</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_single_input" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-2">The start symbol from the Python grammar for a single statement; for use with
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_CompileString" title="Py_CompileString"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_CompileString()</span></code></a>. This is the symbol used for the interactive
interpreter loop.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="type">
<dt id="c.PyCompilerFlags">
struct <code class="descname">PyCompilerFlags</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyCompilerFlags" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This is the structure used to hold compiler flags. In cases where code is only
being compiled, it is passed as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span> <span class="pre">flags</span></code>, and in cases where code is being
executed, it is passed as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCompilerFlags</span> <span class="pre">*flags</span></code>. In this case, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span>
<span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span></code> can modify <em>flags</em>.</p>
<p>Whenever <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCompilerFlags</span> <span class="pre">*flags</span></code> is <em>NULL</em>, <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cf_flags</span></code> is treated as
equal to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, and any modification due to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span></code> is
discarded.</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">PyCompilerFlags</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">cf_flags</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="var">
<dt id="c.CO_FUTURE_DIVISION">
int <code class="descname">CO_FUTURE_DIVISION</code><a class="headerlink" href="#c.CO_FUTURE_DIVISION" title="Permalink to this definition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>This bit can be set in <em>flags</em> to cause division operator <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/</span></code> to be
interpreted as “true division” according to <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0238"><strong>PEP 238</strong></a>.</p>
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