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<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Graphic User Interface FAQ</a><a class="headerlink" href="#graphic-user-interface-faq" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#graphic-user-interface-faq" id="id2">Graphic User Interface FAQ</a></p>
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<ul>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#general-gui-questions" id="id3">General GUI Questions</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#what-platform-independent-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python" id="id4">What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></p>
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<ul>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter" id="id5">Tkinter</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#wxwidgets" id="id6">wxWidgets</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#qt" id="id7">Qt</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#gtk" id="id8">Gtk+</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#kivy" id="id9">Kivy</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#fltk" id="id10">FLTK</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#opengl" id="id11">OpenGL</a></p></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#what-platform-specific-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python" id="id12">What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter-questions" id="id13">Tkinter questions</a></p>
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<ul>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-freeze-tkinter-applications" id="id14">How do I freeze Tkinter applications?</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#can-i-have-tk-events-handled-while-waiting-for-i-o" id="id15">Can I have Tk events handled while waiting for I/O?</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#i-can-t-get-key-bindings-to-work-in-tkinter-why" id="id16">I can’t get key bindings to work in Tkinter: why?</a></p></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<div class="section" id="general-gui-questions">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">General GUI Questions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#general-gui-questions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="what-platform-independent-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-platform-independent-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Depending on what platform(s) you are aiming at, there are several. Some
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of them haven’t been ported to Python 3 yet. At least <a class="reference internal" href="#tkinter">Tkinter</a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#qt">Qt</a>
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are known to be Python 3-compatible.</p>
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<div class="section" id="tkinter">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Tkinter</a><a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
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<p>Standard builds of Python include an object-oriented interface to the Tcl/Tk
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widget set, called <a class="reference internal" href="../library/tk.html#tkinter"><span class="std std-ref">tkinter</span></a>. This is probably the easiest to
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install (since it comes included with most
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<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/">binary distributions</a> of Python) and use.
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For more info about Tk, including pointers to the source, see the
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<a class="reference external" href="https://www.tcl.tk">Tcl/Tk home page</a>. Tcl/Tk is fully portable to the
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Mac OS X, Windows, and Unix platforms.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="wxwidgets">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">wxWidgets</a><a class="headerlink" href="#wxwidgets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
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<p>wxWidgets (<a class="reference external" href="https://www.wxwidgets.org">https://www.wxwidgets.org</a>) is a free, portable GUI class
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library written in C++ that provides a native look and feel on a
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number of platforms, with Windows, Mac OS X, GTK, X11, all listed as
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current stable targets. Language bindings are available for a number
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of languages including Python, Perl, Ruby, etc.</p>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.wxpython.org">wxPython</a> is the Python binding for
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wxwidgets. While it often lags slightly behind the official wxWidgets
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releases, it also offers a number of features via pure Python
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extensions that are not available in other language bindings. There
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is an active wxPython user and developer community.</p>
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<p>Both wxWidgets and wxPython are free, open source, software with
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permissive licences that allow their use in commercial products as
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well as in freeware or shareware.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="qt">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Qt</a><a class="headerlink" href="#qt" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
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<p>There are bindings available for the Qt toolkit (using either <a class="reference external" href="https://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro">PyQt</a> or <a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.qt.io/PySide">PySide</a>) and for KDE (<a class="reference external" href="https://techbase.kde.org/Languages/Python/Using_PyKDE_4">PyKDE4</a>).
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PyQt is currently more mature than PySide, but you must buy a PyQt license from
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<a class="reference external" href="https://www.riverbankcomputing.com/commercial/license-faq">Riverbank Computing</a>
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if you want to write proprietary applications. PySide is free for all applications.</p>
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<p>Qt 4.5 upwards is licensed under the LGPL license; also, commercial licenses
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are available from <a class="reference external" href="https://www.qt.io/licensing/">The Qt Company</a>.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="gtk">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Gtk+</a><a class="headerlink" href="#gtk" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
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<p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/PyGObject">GObject introspection bindings</a>
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for Python allow you to write GTK+ 3 applications. There is also a
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<a class="reference external" href="https://python-gtk-3-tutorial.readthedocs.io">Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial</a>.</p>
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<p>The older PyGtk bindings for the <a class="reference external" href="https://www.gtk.org">Gtk+ 2 toolkit</a> have
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been implemented by James Henstridge; see <<a class="reference external" href="http://www.pygtk.org">http://www.pygtk.org</a>>.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="kivy">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Kivy</a><a class="headerlink" href="#kivy" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://kivy.org/">Kivy</a> is a cross-platform GUI library supporting both
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desktop operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux) and mobile devices (Android,
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iOS). It is written in Python and Cython, and can use a range of windowing
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backends.</p>
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<p>Kivy is free and open source software distributed under the MIT license.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="fltk">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">FLTK</a><a class="headerlink" href="#fltk" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
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<p>Python bindings for <a class="reference external" href="http://www.fltk.org">the FLTK toolkit</a>, a simple yet
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powerful and mature cross-platform windowing system, are available from <a class="reference external" href="http://pyfltk.sourceforge.net">the
|
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PyFLTK project</a>.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="opengl">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">OpenGL</a><a class="headerlink" href="#opengl" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
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<p>For OpenGL bindings, see <a class="reference external" href="http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net">PyOpenGL</a>.</p>
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</div>
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</div>
|
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<div class="section" id="what-platform-specific-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#what-platform-specific-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>By installing the <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/">PyObjc Objective-C bridge</a>, Python programs can use Mac OS X’s
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Cocoa libraries.</p>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#windows-faq"><span class="std std-ref">Pythonwin</span></a> by Mark Hammond includes an interface to the
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Microsoft Foundation Classes and a Python programming environment
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that’s written mostly in Python using the MFC classes.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="tkinter-questions">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Tkinter questions</a><a class="headerlink" href="#tkinter-questions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<div class="section" id="how-do-i-freeze-tkinter-applications">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">How do I freeze Tkinter applications?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-freeze-tkinter-applications" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
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<p>Freeze is a tool to create stand-alone applications. When freezing Tkinter
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applications, the applications will not be truly stand-alone, as the application
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will still need the Tcl and Tk libraries.</p>
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<p>One solution is to ship the application with the Tcl and Tk libraries, and point
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to them at run-time using the <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TCL_LIBRARY</span></code> and <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TK_LIBRARY</span></code>
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environment variables.</p>
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<p>To get truly stand-alone applications, the Tcl scripts that form the library
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||
have to be integrated into the application as well. One tool supporting that is
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||
SAM (stand-alone modules), which is part of the Tix distribution
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(<a class="reference external" href="http://tix.sourceforge.net/">http://tix.sourceforge.net/</a>).</p>
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<p>Build Tix with SAM enabled, perform the appropriate call to
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<code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tclsam_init()</span></code>, etc. inside Python’s
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<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Modules/tkappinit.c</span></code>, and link with libtclsam and libtksam (you
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might include the Tix libraries as well).</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="can-i-have-tk-events-handled-while-waiting-for-i-o">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Can I have Tk events handled while waiting for I/O?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#can-i-have-tk-events-handled-while-waiting-for-i-o" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
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<p>On platforms other than Windows, yes, and you don’t even
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need threads! But you’ll have to restructure your I/O
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code a bit. Tk has the equivalent of Xt’s <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">XtAddInput()</span></code> call, which allows you
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to register a callback function which will be called from the Tk mainloop when
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I/O is possible on a file descriptor. See <a class="reference internal" href="../library/tkinter.html#tkinter-file-handlers"><span class="std std-ref">File Handlers</span></a>.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="i-can-t-get-key-bindings-to-work-in-tkinter-why">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">I can’t get key bindings to work in Tkinter: why?</a><a class="headerlink" href="#i-can-t-get-key-bindings-to-work-in-tkinter-why" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
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<p>An often-heard complaint is that event handlers bound to events with the
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<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bind()</span></code> method don’t get handled even when the appropriate key is pressed.</p>
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<p>The most common cause is that the widget to which the binding applies doesn’t
|
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have “keyboard focus”. Check out the Tk documentation for the focus command.
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Usually a widget is given the keyboard focus by clicking in it (but not for
|
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labels; see the takefocus option).</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Graphic User Interface FAQ</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#general-gui-questions">General GUI Questions</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-platform-independent-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python">What platform-independent GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-platform-specific-gui-toolkits-exist-for-python">What platform-specific GUI toolkits exist for Python?</a></li>
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© <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001-2019, Python Software Foundation.
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The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
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<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
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Last updated on Jul 13, 2019.
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<a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
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Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 2.0.1.
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