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<div class="section" id="concurrent-execution">
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<span id="concurrency"></span><h1>Concurrent Execution<a class="headerlink" href="#concurrent-execution" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p>The modules described in this chapter provide support for concurrent
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execution of code. The appropriate choice of tool will depend on the
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task to be executed (CPU bound vs IO bound) and preferred style of
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development (event driven cooperative multitasking vs preemptive
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multitasking). Here’s an overview:</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> — Thread-based parallelism</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#thread-local-data">Thread-Local Data</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#lock-objects">Lock Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#rlock-objects">RLock Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#semaphore-example"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Semaphore</span></code> Example</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#event-objects">Event Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#using-locks-conditions-and-semaphores-in-the-with-statement">Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code> statement</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> — Process-based parallelism</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#introduction">Introduction</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#the-process-class">The <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code> class</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#contexts-and-start-methods">Contexts and start methods</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#exchanging-objects-between-processes">Exchanging objects between processes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#synchronization-between-processes">Synchronization between processes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#sharing-state-between-processes">Sharing state between processes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#using-a-pool-of-workers">Using a pool of workers</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#reference">Reference</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#process-and-exceptions"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Process</span></code> and exceptions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#pipes-and-queues">Pipes and Queues</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#connection-objects">Connection Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#synchronization-primitives">Synchronization primitives</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#shared-ctypes-objects">Shared <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> Objects</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.sharedctypes">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.sharedctypes</span></code> module</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#managers">Managers</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#customized-managers">Customized managers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#using-a-remote-manager">Using a remote manager</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#proxy-objects">Proxy Objects</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#cleanup">Cleanup</a></li>
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</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.pool">Process Pools</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.connection">Listeners and Clients</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#address-formats">Address Formats</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#authentication-keys">Authentication keys</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#logging">Logging</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#module-multiprocessing.dummy">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing.dummy</span></code> module</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#programming-guidelines">Programming guidelines</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#all-start-methods">All start methods</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#the-spawn-and-forkserver-start-methods">The <em>spawn</em> and <em>forkserver</em> start methods</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.html">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent</span></code> package</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrent.futures</span></code> — Launching parallel tasks</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#executor-objects">Executor Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor">ThreadPoolExecutor</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#threadpoolexecutor-example">ThreadPoolExecutor Example</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#processpoolexecutor">ProcessPoolExecutor</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#processpoolexecutor-example">ProcessPoolExecutor Example</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#future-objects">Future Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#module-functions">Module Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html#exception-classes">Exception classes</a></li>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> — Subprocess management</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#using-the-subprocess-module">Using the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> Module</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#frequently-used-arguments">Frequently Used Arguments</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#security-considerations">Security Considerations</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#popen-objects">Popen Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#windows-popen-helpers">Windows Popen Helpers</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#windows-constants">Windows Constants</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#older-high-level-api">Older high-level API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-older-functions-with-the-subprocess-module">Replacing Older Functions with the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> Module</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-bin-sh-shell-backquote">Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-shell-pipeline">Replacing shell pipeline</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-os-system">Replacing <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.system()</span></code></a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-the-os-spawn-family">Replacing the <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.spawn</span></code> family</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-os-popen-os-popen2-os-popen3">Replacing <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen2()</span></code>, <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.popen3()</span></code></a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#replacing-functions-from-the-popen2-module">Replacing functions from the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popen2</span></code> module</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#legacy-shell-invocation-functions">Legacy Shell Invocation Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#notes">Notes</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#converting-an-argument-sequence-to-a-string-on-windows">Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sched.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sched</span></code> — Event scheduler</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sched.html#scheduler-objects">Scheduler Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="queue.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">queue</span></code> — A synchronized queue class</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queue.html#queue-objects">Queue Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queue.html#simplequeue-objects">SimpleQueue Objects</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The following are support modules for some of the above services:</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="_dummy_thread.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_dummy_thread</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_thread</span></code> module</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dummy_threading.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dummy_threading</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> module</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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