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<div class="section" id="the-python-tutorial">
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<span id="tutorial-index"></span><h1>The Python Tutorial<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-tutorial" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p>Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient
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high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to
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object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing,
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together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting
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and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms.</p>
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<p>The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available
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in source or binary form for all major platforms from the Python Web site,
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<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/">https://www.python.org/</a>, and may be freely distributed. The same site also
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contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party Python modules,
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programs and tools, and additional documentation.</p>
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<p>The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types
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implemented in C or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also
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suitable as an extension language for customizable applications.</p>
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<p>This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and
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features of the Python language and system. It helps to have a Python
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interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained,
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so the tutorial can be read off-line as well.</p>
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<p>For a description of standard objects and modules, see <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Standard Library</span></a>.
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<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Language Reference</span></a> gives a more formal definition of the language. To write
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extensions in C or C++, read <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/index.html#extending-index"><span class="std std-ref">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</span></a> and
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<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/index.html#c-api-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python/C API Reference Manual</span></a>. There are also several books covering Python in depth.</p>
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<p>This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single
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feature, or even every commonly used feature. Instead, it introduces many of
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Python’s most noteworthy features, and will give you a good idea of the
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language’s flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and
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write Python modules and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the
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various Python library modules described in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Standard Library</span></a>.</p>
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<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#glossary"><span class="std std-ref">Glossary</span></a> is also worth going through.</p>
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<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="appetite.html">1. Whetting Your Appetite</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html">2. Using the Python Interpreter</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#invoking-the-interpreter">2.1. Invoking the Interpreter</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#argument-passing">2.1.1. Argument Passing</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#interactive-mode">2.1.2. Interactive Mode</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#the-interpreter-and-its-environment">2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#source-code-encoding">2.2.1. Source Code Encoding</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html">3. An Informal Introduction to Python</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator">3.1. Using Python as a Calculator</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#numbers">3.1.1. Numbers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#strings">3.1.2. Strings</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#lists">3.1.3. Lists</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#first-steps-towards-programming">3.2. First Steps Towards Programming</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html">4. More Control Flow Tools</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#if-statements">4.1. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code> Statements</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#for-statements">4.2. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">for</span></code> Statements</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#the-range-function">4.3. The <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">range()</span></code> Function</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements-and-else-clauses-on-loops">4.4. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">break</span></code> and <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">continue</span></code> Statements, and <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">else</span></code> Clauses on Loops</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#pass-statements">4.5. <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pass</span></code> Statements</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#defining-functions">4.6. Defining Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#more-on-defining-functions">4.7. More on Defining Functions</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#default-argument-values">4.7.1. Default Argument Values</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#keyword-arguments">4.7.2. Keyword Arguments</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#arbitrary-argument-lists">4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#unpacking-argument-lists">4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#lambda-expressions">4.7.5. Lambda Expressions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#documentation-strings">4.7.6. Documentation Strings</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#function-annotations">4.7.7. Function Annotations</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controlflow.html#intermezzo-coding-style">4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html">5. Data Structures</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#more-on-lists">5.1. More on Lists</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#using-lists-as-stacks">5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#using-lists-as-queues">5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#list-comprehensions">5.1.3. List Comprehensions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#nested-list-comprehensions">5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#the-del-statement">5.2. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code> statement</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences">5.3. Tuples and Sequences</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#sets">5.4. Sets</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#dictionaries">5.5. Dictionaries</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#looping-techniques">5.6. Looping Techniques</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#more-on-conditions">5.7. More on Conditions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#comparing-sequences-and-other-types">5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html">6. Modules</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#more-on-modules">6.1. More on Modules</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#executing-modules-as-scripts">6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#the-module-search-path">6.1.2. The Module Search Path</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#compiled-python-files">6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#standard-modules">6.2. Standard Modules</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#the-dir-function">6.3. The <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir()</span></code> Function</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#packages">6.4. Packages</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#importing-from-a-package">6.4.1. Importing * From a Package</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#intra-package-references">6.4.2. Intra-package References</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#packages-in-multiple-directories">6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html">7. Input and Output</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#fancier-output-formatting">7.1. Fancier Output Formatting</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#formatted-string-literals">7.1.1. Formatted String Literals</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#the-string-format-method">7.1.2. The String format() Method</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#manual-string-formatting">7.1.3. Manual String Formatting</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#old-string-formatting">7.1.4. Old string formatting</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files">7.2. Reading and Writing Files</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#methods-of-file-objects">7.2.1. Methods of File Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#saving-structured-data-with-json">7.2.2. Saving structured data with <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code></a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">8. Errors and Exceptions</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#syntax-errors">8.1. Syntax Errors</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#exceptions">8.2. Exceptions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#handling-exceptions">8.3. Handling Exceptions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#raising-exceptions">8.4. Raising Exceptions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#user-defined-exceptions">8.5. User-defined Exceptions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#defining-clean-up-actions">8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#predefined-clean-up-actions">8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html">9. Classes</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#a-word-about-names-and-objects">9.1. A Word About Names and Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#python-scopes-and-namespaces">9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#scopes-and-namespaces-example">9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#a-first-look-at-classes">9.3. A First Look at Classes</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#class-definition-syntax">9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#class-objects">9.3.2. Class Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#instance-objects">9.3.3. Instance Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#method-objects">9.3.4. Method Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#class-and-instance-variables">9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#random-remarks">9.4. Random Remarks</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#inheritance">9.5. Inheritance</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#multiple-inheritance">9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#private-variables">9.6. Private Variables</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#odds-and-ends">9.7. Odds and Ends</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#iterators">9.8. Iterators</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#generators">9.9. Generators</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#generator-expressions">9.10. Generator Expressions</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html">10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#operating-system-interface">10.1. Operating System Interface</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#file-wildcards">10.2. File Wildcards</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#command-line-arguments">10.3. Command Line Arguments</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdlib.html#error-output-redirection-and-program-termination">10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination</a></li>
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