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<span id="email-an-email-and-mime-handling-package"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> — An email and MIME handling package<a class="headerlink" href="#module-email" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.7/Lib/email/__init__.py">Lib/email/__init__.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package is a library for managing email messages. It is
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specifically <em>not</em> designed to do any sending of email messages to SMTP
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(<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2821.html"><strong>RFC 2821</strong></a>), NNTP, or other servers; those are functions of modules such as
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<a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#module-nntplib" title="nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code></a>. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package attempts to be as
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RFC-compliant as possible, supporting <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5233.html"><strong>RFC 5233</strong></a> and <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6532.html"><strong>RFC 6532</strong></a>, as well as
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such MIME-related RFCs as <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045.html"><strong>RFC 2045</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2046.html"><strong>RFC 2046</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2047.html"><strong>RFC 2047</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2183.html"><strong>RFC 2183</strong></a>,
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and <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a>.</p>
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<p>The overall structure of the email package can be divided into three major
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components, plus a fourth component that controls the behavior of the other
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components.</p>
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<p>The central component of the package is an “object model” that represents email
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messages. An application interacts with the package primarily through the
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object model interface defined in the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">message</span></code></a> sub-module. The
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application can use this API to ask questions about an existing email, to
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construct a new email, or to add or remove email subcomponents that themselves
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use the same object model interface. That is, following the nature of email
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messages and their MIME subcomponents, the email object model is a tree
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structure of objects that all provide the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>
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API.</p>
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<p>The other two major components of the package are the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> and
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the <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a>. The parser takes the serialized version of an
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email message (a stream of bytes) and converts it into a tree of
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<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> objects. The generator takes an
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<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> and turns it back into a serialized byte
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stream. (The parser and generator also handle streams of text characters, but
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this usage is discouraged as it is too easy to end up with messages that are
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not valid in one way or another.)</p>
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<p>The control component is the <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> module. Every
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<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>, every <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a>, and every
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<a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> has an associated <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> object that
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controls its behavior. Usually an application only needs to specify the policy
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when an <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> is created, either by directly
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instantiating an <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> to create a new email,
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or by parsing an input stream using a <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a>. But the policy can
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be changed when the message is serialized using a <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a>.
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This allows, for example, a generic email message to be parsed from disk, but
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to serialize it using standard SMTP settings when sending it to an email
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server.</p>
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<p>The email package does its best to hide the details of the various governing
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RFCs from the application. Conceptually the application should be able to
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treat the email message as a structured tree of unicode text and binary
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attachments, without having to worry about how these are represented when
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serialized. In practice, however, it is often necessary to be aware of at
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least some of the rules governing MIME messages and their structure,
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specifically the names and nature of the MIME “content types” and how they
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identify multipart documents. For the most part this knowledge should only be
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required for more complex applications, and even then it should only be the
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high level structure in question, and not the details of how those structures
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are represented. Since MIME content types are used widely in modern internet
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software (not just email), this will be a familiar concept to many programmers.</p>
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<p>The following sections describe the functionality of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package.
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We start with the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">message</span></code></a> object model, which is the primary
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interface an application will use, and follow that with the
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<a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a> components. Then we cover the
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<a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> controls, which completes the treatment of the main
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components of the library.</p>
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<p>The next three sections cover the exceptions the package may raise and the
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defects (non-compliance with the RFCs) that the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> may
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detect. Then we cover the <a class="reference internal" href="email.headerregistry.html#module-email.headerregistry" title="email.headerregistry: Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">headerregistry</span></code></a> and the
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<a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html#module-email.contentmanager" title="email.contentmanager: Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contentmanager</span></code></a> sub-components, which provide tools for doing more
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detailed manipulation of headers and payloads, respectively. Both of these
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components contain features relevant to consuming and producing non-trivial
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messages, but also document their extensibility APIs, which will be of interest
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to advanced applications.</p>
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<p>Following those is a set of examples of using the fundamental parts of the APIs
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covered in the preceding sections.</p>
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<p>The foregoing represent the modern (unicode friendly) API of the email package.
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The remaining sections, starting with the <a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message</span></code></a>
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class, cover the legacy <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> API that deals much more
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directly with the details of how email messages are represented. The
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<a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> API does <em>not</em> hide the details of the RFCs from
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the application, but for applications that need to operate at that level, they
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can be useful tools. This documentation is also relevant for applications that
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are still using the <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> API for backward
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compatibility reasons.</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Docs reorganized and rewritten to promote the new
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<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.EmailPolicy" title="email.policy.EmailPolicy"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailPolicy</span></code></a>
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API.</p>
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</div>
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<p>Contents of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package documentation:</p>
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<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code>: Representing an email message</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></code>: Parsing email messages</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#feedparser-api">FeedParser API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#parser-api">Parser API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#additional-notes">Additional notes</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code>: Generating MIME documents</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.policy</span></code>: Policy Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.errors.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></code>: Exception and Defect classes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.headerregistry.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.headerregistry</span></code>: Custom Header Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.contentmanager</span></code>: Managing MIME Content</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html#content-manager-instances">Content Manager Instances</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.examples.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code>: Examples</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<p>Legacy API:</p>
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<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message.Message</span></code>: Representing an email message using the <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code> API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.mime.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.mime</span></code>: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.header.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.header</span></code>: Internationalized headers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.charset.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.charset</span></code>: Representing character sets</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.encoders.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.encoders</span></code>: Encoders</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.utils.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.utils</span></code>: Miscellaneous utilities</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.iterators.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.iterators</span></code>: Iterators</a></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition seealso">
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<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
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<dl class="simple">
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<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) client</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#module-poplib" title="poplib: POP3 protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>POP (Post Office Protocol) client</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#module-imaplib" title="imaplib: IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) client</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html#module-nntplib" title="nntplib: NNTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>NNTP (Net News Transport Protocol) client</p>
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</dd>
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<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html#module-mailbox" title="mailbox: Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Tools for creating, reading, and managing collections of messages on disk
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<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html#module-smtpd" title="smtpd: A SMTP server implementation in Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>SMTP server framework (primarily useful for testing)</p>
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