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<div class="section" id="module-msvcrt">
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<span id="msvcrt-useful-routines-from-the-ms-vc-runtime"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-msvcrt" title="msvcrt: Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime. (Windows)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code></a> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime<a class="headerlink" href="#module-msvcrt" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<p>These functions provide access to some useful capabilities on Windows platforms.
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Some higher-level modules use these functions to build the Windows
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implementations of their services. For example, the <a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html#module-getpass" title="getpass: Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code></a> module uses
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this in the implementation of the <a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html#module-getpass" title="getpass: Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid."><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass()</span></code></a> function.</p>
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<p>Further documentation on these functions can be found in the Platform API
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documentation.</p>
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<p>The module implements both the normal and wide char variants of the console I/O
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api. The normal API deals only with ASCII characters and is of limited use
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for internationalized applications. The wide char API should be used where
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ever possible.</p>
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<div class="versionchanged">
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<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span>Operations in this module now raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> where <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#IOError" title="IOError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IOError</span></code></a>
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was raised.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="file-operations">
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<span id="msvcrt-files"></span><h2>File Operations<a class="headerlink" href="#file-operations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.locking">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">locking</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fd</em>, <em>mode</em>, <em>nbytes</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.locking" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Lock part of a file based on file descriptor <em>fd</em> from the C runtime. Raises
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<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> on failure. The locked region of the file extends from the
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current file position for <em>nbytes</em> bytes, and may continue beyond the end of the
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file. <em>mode</em> must be one of the <code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LK_*</span></code> constants listed below. Multiple
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regions in a file may be locked at the same time, but may not overlap. Adjacent
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regions are not merged; they must be unlocked individually.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="msvcrt.LK_LOCK">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">LK_LOCK</code><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_LOCK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dt id="msvcrt.LK_RLCK">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">LK_RLCK</code><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_RLCK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Locks the specified bytes. If the bytes cannot be locked, the program
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immediately tries again after 1 second. If, after 10 attempts, the bytes cannot
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be locked, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> is raised.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="msvcrt.LK_NBLCK">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">LK_NBLCK</code><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_NBLCK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dt id="msvcrt.LK_NBRLCK">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">LK_NBRLCK</code><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_NBRLCK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Locks the specified bytes. If the bytes cannot be locked, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> is
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raised.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="data">
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<dt id="msvcrt.LK_UNLCK">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">LK_UNLCK</code><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.LK_UNLCK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Unlocks the specified bytes, which must have been previously locked.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.setmode">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">setmode</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fd</em>, <em>flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.setmode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Set the line-end translation mode for the file descriptor <em>fd</em>. To set it to
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text mode, <em>flags</em> should be <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_TEXT" title="os.O_TEXT"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_TEXT</span></code></a>; for binary, it should be
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<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_BINARY" title="os.O_BINARY"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_BINARY</span></code></a>.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.open_osfhandle">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">open_osfhandle</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>handle</em>, <em>flags</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.open_osfhandle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Create a C runtime file descriptor from the file handle <em>handle</em>. The <em>flags</em>
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parameter should be a bitwise OR of <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_APPEND" title="os.O_APPEND"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_APPEND</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_RDONLY" title="os.O_RDONLY"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_RDONLY</span></code></a>,
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and <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.O_TEXT" title="os.O_TEXT"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.O_TEXT</span></code></a>. The returned file descriptor may be used as a parameter
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to <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fdopen" title="os.fdopen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fdopen()</span></code></a> to create a file object.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.get_osfhandle">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">get_osfhandle</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>fd</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.get_osfhandle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Return the file handle for the file descriptor <em>fd</em>. Raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if
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<em>fd</em> is not recognized.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="console-i-o">
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<span id="msvcrt-console"></span><h2>Console I/O<a class="headerlink" href="#console-i-o" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.kbhit">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">kbhit</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.kbhit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Return true if a keypress is waiting to be read.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.getch">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">getch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.getch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Read a keypress and return the resulting character as a byte string.
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Nothing is echoed to the console. This call will block if a keypress
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is not already available, but will not wait for <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Enter</kbd> to be
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pressed. If the pressed key was a special function key, this will
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return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\000'</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\xe0'</span></code>; the next call will return the keycode.
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The <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control-C</kbd> keypress cannot be read with this function.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.getwch">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">getwch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.getwch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Wide char variant of <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getch" title="msvcrt.getch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getch()</span></code></a>, returning a Unicode value.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.getche">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">getche</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.getche" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getch" title="msvcrt.getch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getch()</span></code></a>, but the keypress will be echoed if it represents a
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printable character.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.getwche">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">getwche</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.getwche" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Wide char variant of <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getche" title="msvcrt.getche"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getche()</span></code></a>, returning a Unicode value.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.putch">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">putch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>char</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.putch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Print the byte string <em>char</em> to the console without buffering.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.putwch">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">putwch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>unicode_char</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.putwch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Wide char variant of <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.putch" title="msvcrt.putch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">putch()</span></code></a>, accepting a Unicode value.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.ungetch">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">ungetch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>char</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.ungetch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Cause the byte string <em>char</em> to be “pushed back” into the console buffer;
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it will be the next character read by <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getch" title="msvcrt.getch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getch()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.getche" title="msvcrt.getche"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getche()</span></code></a>.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.ungetwch">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">ungetwch</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>unicode_char</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.ungetwch" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Wide char variant of <a class="reference internal" href="#msvcrt.ungetch" title="msvcrt.ungetch"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ungetch()</span></code></a>, accepting a Unicode value.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="other-functions">
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<span id="msvcrt-other"></span><h2>Other Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#other-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<dl class="function">
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<dt id="msvcrt.heapmin">
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<code class="descclassname">msvcrt.</code><code class="descname">heapmin</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#msvcrt.heapmin" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Force the <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">malloc()</span></code> heap to clean itself up and return unused blocks to
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the operating system. On failure, this raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a>.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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</div>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#file-operations">File Operations</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#console-i-o">Console I/O</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-functions">Other Functions</a></li>
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<h4>Previous topic</h4>
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<p class="topless"><a href="msilib.html"
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title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msilib</span></code> — Read and write Microsoft Installer files</a></p>
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<h4>Next topic</h4>
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