Fix index buffer

Makefile

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 CPPFLAGS=-g
-LDFLAGS=-lglfw -lvulkan -ldl -lpthread -lX11 -lXxf86vm -lXrandr -lXi
+LDFLAGS=-lglfw -lvulkan -ldl -lpthread -lX11 -lXxf86vm -lXrandr -lXi -ltinyobjloader
 DEBUGFLAGS=-DDEBUG -fsanitize=address
 GDBFLAGS=
 SRC = $(shell find . -name "*.cpp")

src/devicelibrary.cpp

@@ -291,14 +291,14 @@ namespace DeviceControl {
     vkDestroySwapchainKHR(Global::device, Global::swapChain, nullptr);
     if(Global::enableValidationLayers) std::cout << "Destroyed Swap Chain safely\n" << std::endl;   
   }
-  VkImageView devicelibrary::createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format) {
+  VkImageView devicelibrary::createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags flags) {
     // This defines the parameters of a newly created image object!
     VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo{};
     viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
     viewInfo.image = image;
     viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
     viewInfo.format = format;
-    viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+    viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = flags;
     viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
     viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
     viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ namespace DeviceControl {
     swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());
 
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
-        swapChainImageViews[i] = createImageView(swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat);
+        swapChainImageViews[i] = createImageView(swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
     }
   }
   void devicelibrary::destroyImageViews() {

src/devicelibrary.h

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 #include "global.h"
+#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
 #include <optional>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <limits>
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ class devicelibrary {
       void destroySurface(VkInstance& instance);
       void createSwapChain(GLFWwindow* window);
       void destroySwapChain();
-      VkImageView createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format);
+      VkImageView createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags flags);
       void createImageViews();
       void destroyImageViews();
       void createCommandPool();

src/entrypoint.cpp

@@ -5,8 +5,11 @@ Graphics::graphicspipeline graphicsPipeline;
 RenderPresent::render renderPresentation;
 BuffersLibraries::buffers buffers;
 TextureLibraries::texture texture;
+ModelLib::model model;
 VkInstance vulkaninstance;
 
+//TODO: add global instances?
+
 // Getters and Setters!
 void EntryApp::setFramebufferResized(bool setter) {
   framebufferResized = setter;
@@ -60,11 +63,13 @@ void initVulkan() {
   graphicsPipeline.createRenderPass();
   buffers.createDescriptorSetLayout();
   graphicsPipeline.createGraphicsPipeline();
-  graphicsPipeline.createFramebuffers();
   graphicsPipeline.createCommandPool();
+  texture.createDepthResources();
+  graphicsPipeline.createFramebuffers();
   texture.createTextureImage();
   texture.createTextureImageView();
   texture.createTextureSampler();
+  model.loadModel();
   buffers.createVertexBuffer();
   buffers.createIndexBuffer();
   buffers.createUniformBuffers();

src/entrypoint.h

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "graphics/render.h"
 #include "graphics/texture.h"
 #include "global.h"
+#include "graphics/model.h"
 class EntryApp {
   public: 
     static EntryApp& getInstance();

src/global.cpp

@@ -26,7 +26,13 @@ namespace Global {
   uint32_t currentFrame = 0;
   VkImageView textureImageView;
   VkSampler textureSampler;
+  VkImageView depthImageView;
+  VkImage depthImage;
+  VkDeviceMemory depthImageMemory;
 
+  std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
+  // Index buffer definition, showing which points to reuse.
+  std::vector<uint32_t> indices;
   Global::QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
     // First we feed in a integer we want to use to hold the number of queued items, that fills it, then we create that amount of default constructed *VkQueueFamilyProperties* structs. 
     // These store the flags, the amount of queued items in the family, and timestamp data. Queue families are simply group collections of tasks we want to get done. 

src/global.h

@@ -1,23 +1,29 @@
 #pragma once
+#include "graphics/texture.h"
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <glm/detail/qualifier.hpp>
 #include <glm/ext/vector_float2.hpp>
 #include <glm/ext/vector_float3.hpp>
 #include <glm/fwd.hpp>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <ostream>
 #include <vector>
 #include <optional>
 #include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
-#include "debug/vulkandebuglibs.h"
+#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
+#include <array>
+
+#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
+#include <glm/glm.hpp>
 #include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
 
-#include <array>
 #define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
 #include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
 
 namespace Global {
   // Global variables and includes we are going to use almost everywhere, validation layers hook into everything, and you need to check if they are enabled first,
   // so that's one obvious global, as well as the glfw includes!
+
   extern const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers;
   extern const bool enableValidationLayers;
   extern VkDevice device;  
@@ -32,6 +38,13 @@ namespace Global {
   extern std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> descriptorSets;
   extern VkImageView textureImageView;
   extern VkSampler textureSampler;
+  extern VkImageView depthImageView;
+  extern VkImage depthImage;
+  extern VkDeviceMemory depthImageMemory;
+  const std::string MODEL_PATH = "assets/models/viking_room.obj";
+  const std::string TEXTURE_PATH = "assets/textures/viking_room.png";
+
+
 
   struct UniformBufferObject {
     float time;
@@ -40,7 +53,9 @@ namespace Global {
     alignas(16) glm::mat4 proj;
   };
   struct Vertex {
-    glm::vec2 pos;
+    // This defines what a vertex is!
+    // We control the position, color and texture coordinate here! 
+    glm::vec3 pos;
     glm::vec3 color;
     glm::vec2 texCoord;
     
@@ -57,7 +72,7 @@ namespace Global {
 
       attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
       attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
-      attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
+      attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
       attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);
 
       attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
@@ -71,10 +86,16 @@ namespace Global {
       attributeDescriptions[2].offset = offsetof(Vertex, texCoord);
       return attributeDescriptions;
     }
+    bool operator==(const Vertex& other) const {
+      return pos == other.pos && color == other.color && texCoord == other.texCoord;
+    }
   };
-  const uint32_t WIDTH = 800;
-  const uint32_t HEIGHT = 600;
 
+  const uint32_t WIDTH = 800;
+  const uint32_t HEIGHT = 800;
+  extern std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
+  // Index buffer definition, showing which points to reuse.
+  extern std::vector<uint32_t> indices;
   struct QueueFamilyIndices {
     // We need to check that the Queue families support graphics operations and window presentation, sometimes they can support one or the other,
     // therefore, we take into account both for completion.

src/graphics/buffers.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include "buffers.h"
 #include <chrono>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
+#include <cstring>
 #include "../devicelibrary.h"
 
 VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
@@ -19,16 +18,6 @@ std::vector<void*> uniformBuffersMapped;
 namespace BuffersLibraries {
 
 
-  const std::vector<Global::Vertex> vertices = {
-    {{-0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
-    {{0.5f, -0.5f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}},
-    {{0.5f, 0.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},
-    {{-0.5f, 0.5f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}}
-  };  
-  // Index buffer definition, showing which points to reuse.
-  const std::vector<uint16_t> indices = {
-    0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0
-  };
 
   uint32_t buffers::findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
     // Graphics cards offer different types of memory to allocate from, here we query to find the right type of memory for our needs.
@@ -104,7 +93,7 @@ namespace BuffersLibraries {
   }
 
   void buffers::createIndexBuffer() {
-    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();
+    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(Global::indices[0]) * Global::indices.size();
 
     VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
     VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
@@ -113,7 +102,8 @@ namespace BuffersLibraries {
 
     void* data;
     vkMapMemory(Global::device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
-    memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);
+    memcpy(data, Global::indices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);
+  
     vkUnmapMemory(Global::device, stagingBufferMemory);
 
     createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);
@@ -127,7 +117,7 @@ namespace BuffersLibraries {
     // Create a Vertex Buffer to hold the vertex information in memory so it doesn't have to be hardcoded!
     // Size denotes the size of the buffer in bytes, usage in this case is the buffer behaviour, using a bitwise OR.
     // Sharing mode denostes the same as the images in the swap chain! in this case, only the graphics queue uses this buffer, so we make it exclusive.
-    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();
+    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(Global::vertices[0]) * Global::vertices.size();
 
     VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
     VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
@@ -135,7 +125,7 @@ namespace BuffersLibraries {
 
     void* data;
     vkMapMemory(Global::device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
-    memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);
+    memcpy(data, Global::vertices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);
     vkUnmapMemory(Global::device, stagingBufferMemory);
 
     createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);
@@ -159,12 +149,7 @@ namespace BuffersLibraries {
   VkBuffer buffers::getIndexBuffer() {
     return indexBuffer;
   }
-  std::vector<Global::Vertex> buffers::getVertices() {
-    return vertices;
-  }
-  std::vector<uint16_t> buffers::getIndices() {
-    return indices;
-  }
+  
 // ------------------------------ Uniform Buffer Setup -------------------------------- //
   void buffers::createDescriptorSetLayout() {
     // Create a table of pointers to data, a Descriptor Set!
@@ -223,10 +208,10 @@ namespace BuffersLibraries {
     Global::UniformBufferObject ubo{};
     ubo.time = time;
     // Modify the model projection transformation to rotate around the Z over time.
-    ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+    ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), glm::radians(180.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
     // Modify the view transformation to look at the object from above at a 45 degree angle.
     // This takes the eye position, center position, and the up direction.
-    ubo.view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+    ubo.view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(4.0f, 4.0f, 3.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
     // 45 degree field of view, set aspect ratio, and near and far clipping range.
     ubo.proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), deviceLibrary.getSwapChainExtent().width / (float) deviceLibrary.getSwapChainExtent().height, 0.1f, 10.0f);
     

src/graphics/buffers.h

@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ namespace BuffersLibraries {
       void destroyBuffers();
       VkBuffer getVertexBuffer();
       VkBuffer getIndexBuffer();
-      std::vector<Global::Vertex> getVertices();
-      std::vector<uint16_t> getIndices();
       void createDescriptorSetLayout();
       void createUniformBuffers();
       void updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage);

src/graphics/graphicspipeline.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 
 #include "graphicspipeline.h"
 #include "buffers.h"
+#include "texture.h"
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <vector>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
 namespace Graphics {
   std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStates = {
     VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
@@ -14,6 +17,7 @@ namespace Graphics {
   VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;
   DeviceControl::devicelibrary deviceLibs;
   BuffersLibraries::buffers buffers;
+  TextureLibraries::texture textureLibs;
   
   std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;
 
@@ -136,6 +140,15 @@ namespace Graphics {
     multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
     multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
     multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+
+    // TODO: Document!
+    VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil{};
+    depthStencil.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+    depthStencil.depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE;
+    depthStencil.depthWriteEnable = VK_TRUE;
+    depthStencil.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS;
+    depthStencil.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
+    depthStencil.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
     // Most of the graphics pipeline is set in stone, some of the pipeline state can be modified without recreating it at runtime though!
     // There are TONS of settings, this would be another TODO to see what else we can mess with dynamically, but right now we just allow dynamic size of the viewport 
     // and dynamic scissor states. Scissors are pretty straightforward, they are basically pixel masks for the rasterizer.
@@ -168,6 +181,7 @@ namespace Graphics {
     pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
     pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
     pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
+    pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencil;
 
     if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(Global::device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
       throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
@@ -192,18 +206,45 @@ namespace Graphics {
     colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
     colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
 
+    VkAttachmentDescription depthAttachment{};
+    depthAttachment.format = textureLibs.findDepthFormat();
+    depthAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+    depthAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
+    depthAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+    depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
+    depthAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+    depthAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+    depthAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+    
+    VkAttachmentReference depthAttachmentRef{};
+    depthAttachmentRef.attachment = 1;
+    depthAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+    
     VkSubpassDescription subpass{};
     subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
     subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
     subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
+    subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthAttachmentRef;
+        
+    VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
+    dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+    dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
+    dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_LATE_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
+    dependency.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+    dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
+    dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
 
+    std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 2> attachments = {colorAttachment, depthAttachment};
     VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo{};
     renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
-    renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
-    renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;
+    renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
+    renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
     renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
     renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
-  
+    renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
+    renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;
+
+
     if (vkCreateRenderPass(Global::device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
       throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
     }
@@ -219,15 +260,16 @@ namespace Graphics {
     swapChainFramebuffers.resize(framebuffersSize);
 
     for(size_t i = 0; i < framebuffersSize; i++) {
-      VkImageView attachments[] = {
-        deviceLibs.getSwapChainImageViews()[i]
+    std::array<VkImageView, 2> attachments = {
+        deviceLibs.getSwapChainImageViews()[i],
+        Global::depthImageView
       };
     
       VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};
       framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
       framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
-      framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
-      framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
+      framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
+      framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
       framebufferInfo.width = deviceLibs.getSwapChainExtent().width;
       framebufferInfo.height = deviceLibs.getSwapChainExtent().height;
       framebufferInfo.layers = 1;
@@ -285,9 +327,12 @@ namespace Graphics {
     renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
     renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = deviceLibs.getSwapChainExtent();
 
-    VkClearValue clearColor = {{{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}}};
-    renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
-    renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;
+    std::array<VkClearValue, 2> clearValues{};
+    clearValues[0].color = {{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}};
+    clearValues[1].depthStencil = {1.0f, 0};
+
+    renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size());
+    renderPassInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();
 
     vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
 
@@ -309,11 +354,11 @@ namespace Graphics {
     VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = {buffers.getVertexBuffer()};
     VkDeviceSize offsets[] = {0};
     vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffer, 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);
-    vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffer, buffers.getIndexBuffer(), 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16);
+    vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffer, buffers.getIndexBuffer(), 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);
     
     vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &Global::descriptorSets[Global::currentFrame], 0, nullptr);
 
-    vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(buffers.getIndices().size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);
+    vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(Global::indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);
     vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer);
 
     if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {

src/graphics/model.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#define TINY_OBJ_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include <tiny_obj_loader.h>
+#include "model.h"
+#include <unordered_map>
+#define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
+#include <glm/gtx/hash.hpp>
+
+namespace std {
+  template<> struct hash<Global::Vertex> {
+    size_t operator()(Global::Vertex const& vertex) const {
+      return ((hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.pos) ^
+              (hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.color) << 1)) >> 1) ^
+              (hash<glm::vec2>()(vertex.texCoord) << 1);
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+namespace ModelLib {
+
+  std::unordered_map<Global::Vertex, uint32_t> uniqueVertices{};
+
+  void model::loadModel() {
+    tinyobj::ObjReaderConfig readerConfig;
+    
+    tinyobj::ObjReader reader;
+
+    if(!reader.ParseFromFile(Global::MODEL_PATH, readerConfig)) {
+      if(!reader.Error().empty()) {
+        throw std::runtime_error(reader.Error());
+      }
+    }
+    
+    auto& attrib = reader.GetAttrib();
+    auto& shapes = reader.GetShapes();
+    auto& materials = reader.GetMaterials();
+
+    for (const auto& shape : shapes) {
+      for (const auto& index : shape.mesh.indices) {
+        Global::Vertex vertex{};
+
+        vertex.pos = {
+          attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 0],
+          attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 1],
+          attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 2]
+        };
+
+        vertex.texCoord = {
+          attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
+          1.0f - attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]
+        };
+
+        vertex.color = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};
+
+        if (uniqueVertices.count(vertex) == 0) {
+          uniqueVertices[vertex] = static_cast<uint32_t>(Global::vertices.size());
+          Global::vertices.push_back(vertex);
+        }
+
+        Global::indices.push_back(uniqueVertices[vertex]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

src/graphics/model.h

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#include "../global.h"
+
+namespace ModelLib {
+  class model {
+    public:
+      void loadModel();
+  };
+}

src/graphics/render.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 #include "graphicspipeline.h"
 #include "../devicelibrary.h"
 #include "../entrypoint.h"
+#include "texture.h"
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
 namespace RenderPresent {
 
   std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
@@ -10,6 +12,7 @@ namespace RenderPresent {
   Graphics::graphicspipeline pipeline;
   DeviceControl::devicelibrary deviceLibs;
   BuffersLibraries::buffers buffers;
+  TextureLibraries::texture tex;
 
   void recreateSwapChain() {
     int width = 0, height = 0;
@@ -30,6 +33,7 @@ namespace RenderPresent {
 
     deviceLibs.createSwapChain(Global::window);
     deviceLibs.createImageViews();
+    tex.createDepthResources();
     pipeline.createFramebuffers();
   }
   // At a high level, rendering in Vulkan consists of 5 steps:
@@ -153,6 +157,9 @@ namespace RenderPresent {
     }
   }
   void render::cleanupSwapChain() {
+    vkDestroyImageView(Global::device, Global::depthImageView, nullptr);
+    vkDestroyImage(Global::device, Global::depthImage, nullptr);
+    vkFreeMemory(Global::device, Global::depthImageMemory, nullptr);
     for(auto framebuffer : pipeline.getSwapChainFramebuffers()) {
       vkDestroyFramebuffer(Global::device, framebuffer, nullptr);
     }

src/graphics/texture.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
 #define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
 #include <stb/stb_image.h>
 #include "texture.h"
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ VkPipelineStageFlags sourceStage;
 VkPipelineStageFlags destinationStage;
 
 
+
 namespace TextureLibraries {
   void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, VkFormat format, VkImageTiling tiling, VkImageUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkImage& image, VkDeviceMemory& imageMemory) {
     // This function specifies all the data in an image object, this is called directly after the creation of an image object.
@@ -164,12 +166,31 @@ void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width, uint32_t
 
     endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
   }
+  VkFormat findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<VkFormat>& candidates, VkImageTiling tiling, VkFormatFeatureFlags features) {
+    for(VkFormat format : candidates) {
+      VkFormatProperties props;
+      vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(Global::physicalDevice, format, &props);
+      
+      // Do we support linear tiling?
+      if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
+        return format;
+      // Or do we support optimal tiling?
+      } else if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL && (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
+        return format;
+      }
+    }
+    throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported depth buffering format!");
+  } 
+
+  bool hasStencilComponent(VkFormat format) {
+    return format == VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT || format == VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
+  }
 // -------------------------------- Image Libraries ------------------------------- //
   void texture::createTextureImage() {
     // Import pixels from image with data on color channels, width and height, and colorspace!
     // Its a lot of kind of complicated memory calls to bring it from a file -> to a buffer -> to a image object.
     int textureWidth, textureHeight, textureChannels;
-    stbi_uc* pixels = stbi_load("assets/textures/test.png", &textureWidth, &textureHeight, &textureChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
+    stbi_uc* pixels = stbi_load(Global::TEXTURE_PATH.c_str(), &textureWidth, &textureHeight, &textureChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
     
     VkDeviceSize imageSize = textureWidth * textureHeight * 4;
 
@@ -198,7 +219,7 @@ void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width, uint32_t
   }
   void texture::createTextureImageView() {
     // Create a texture image view, which is a struct of information about the image.
-    Global::textureImageView = deviceLibraries.createImageView(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB);
+    Global::textureImageView = deviceLibraries.createImageView(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
   }
   void texture::createTextureSampler() {
     // Create a sampler to access and parse the texture object.
@@ -250,5 +271,21 @@ void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width, uint32_t
     vkDestroyImage(Global::device, textureImage, nullptr);
     vkFreeMemory(Global::device, textureImageMemory, nullptr);
   }
-  
+  VkFormat texture::findDepthFormat() {
+    return findSupportedFormat(
+        {VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT, VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT},
+        VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
+        VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT
+    );
+  }
+  void texture::createDepthResources() {
+    VkFormat depthFormat = findDepthFormat();
+    VkExtent2D swapChainExtent = deviceLibraries.getSwapChainExtent();
+    createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, Global::depthImage, Global::depthImageMemory);
+    Global::depthImageView = deviceLibraries.createImageView(Global::depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT);
+    // Explicit transition from the layout of the image to the depth attachment is unnecessary here, since that will be handled in the render pass!
+    
+    
+    
+  }
 }

src/graphics/texture.h

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 #include "../global.h"
+#include <vulkan/vulkan_core.h>
 
 namespace TextureLibraries {
   class texture {
@@ -9,5 +10,7 @@ namespace TextureLibraries {
       void createTextureSampler();
       void destroyTextureImage();
       void destroyTextureSampler();
+      VkFormat findDepthFormat();
+      void createDepthResources();
   };
 }

src/shaders/vertex.vert

@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ layout(binding = 0) uniform UniformBufferObject {
     mat4 view;
     mat4 proj;
 } ubo;
+
 // inPosition and inColor are vertex attributes, per-vertex properties defined in the vertex buffer!
 // Layout assigns indices to access these inputs, dvec3 takes 2 slots so we must index it at 2. https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Layout_Qualifier_(GLSL)
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 inPosition;
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec3 inPosition;
 layout(location = 1) in vec3 inColor;
 layout(location = 2) in vec2 inTexCoord;
 
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ layout(location = 0) out vec3 fragColor;
 layout(location = 1) out vec2 fragTexCoord;
 
 void main() {
-    gl_Position = ubo.proj * ubo.view * ubo.model * vec4(inPosition, 0.0, 1.0);
+    gl_Position = ubo.proj * ubo.view * ubo.model * vec4(inPosition, 1.0);
     fragColor = inColor;
     fragTexCoord = inTexCoord;
 }